Dear Mr Linnit,
I believe the actor Vladek Sheybal has been
discussing a play of mine on Gustav Mahler with
your client Giorgina Hale. We in this company
produced this play about three years ago here in
London, and lost £6000 on it. Mr Sheybal played
Mahler, and he tells me he would be interested
in a révival, and would like to show the script
to Miss Hale.
This letter is designed ot put the matter
on a professional footing. Until now we have
not thought of planning a new production, and
indeed if the play were revived, or set up in
the States, it would be under another manage-
ment.
If Miss Hale could visualise herself play-
ing Alma in the play it would be a matter of
basing a new production on this most interest-
ing actor-actress combination, for naturally a
two-hander would be for today an economically
most viable form of theatre.
I simply want Miss Hale, should she choose
to read the script, to have a realistic picture
of the situation, and I wonder if you would comm-
unicate all this to her.
Sincerely,
Maurice Rowdon


49 Waldron Road
Dear Pat,
Is there any chance of getting a short documentary
done on the government's failure to control cruelty to
animals in scientific experiments? The last Act on the
subject is dated 1876. Animals tortured have increased
from 95000 in 1910 to nearly 5 million in 1967 alone,
with virtually no inspection or supervision at all.
MAN: THE ANIMAL-HATING ANIMAL. The result of a big
RSPCA campaign in 1963 showed that most people d andh't
know the degree to which quite unnecessary suffering
was taking place and there was an outcry.
Sixty questions
were put down in the House of Commons. The result was
the Littlewood Committee. This produced its recommendations
in 1965, since when precisely nothing has been done.
The programme might fall into three parts covering the
laboratories, the RSPCA and the Home Office. There was
a press conference at the RSPCA last Novemeber I believe
which was covered for TV, and something very tiny did go
out. The Home Office feels that the Littlewood recomm-
endations don't need any priority, and we would aim to
show that this is horribly untrue.
The press officer
at the RSPCA tell s me that they have never had a document-
ary on the subject before. I thought it might do for
your early Sunday evening slot.
The Mermaid was the first to react to CARMAGNOLA.
They want me to change the second part a little bit.
Then Miles has to be brought to the water. Basil
Ashmore the literary manager there may nd you on my
suggestion a tele play on the first day-out of a convict,
written by a convict. The BBC turned it down because
nothings happens, which is apparently presciely what
happens on the first day out. Anyway he sounds a very
genuine creature. I believe Ashmore has sold a play
of his to Tennents though here wires may have crossed.
On PERSONA NON GRATA John Gibson said we would do
much cutting---mostly by eliminating a sentence or two
in every speech. I didn'timention this to you at the
time.
Don't write back to me on any of this. We can talk
it over when we meet again. Letters are too definite.
Yours ever,
Maurice Rowdon


TELEPHONE
TELEGRAMS
ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS
105 JERMYN STREET, LONDON, S.W.1
Please address letters to Secretary
COUNDER MEMBER
When replying or
telephoning please quote
this reference
TR/DJT
7th February, 1969.
M. Rowdon, Esq.,
49, Waldron Road,
Dear Mr. Rowdon,
It was very good of you to say that you will try to
persuade either the B.B.C. or one of the independent companies
to mount a programme based on the idea of our pamphlet
"The Wasted Years". As promised I am sending you press
releases. I am sure they will help you.
If you are able to place the idea, please keep in
touch with me.
Yours sincerely,
T. Richardson.
PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICER.
Enc.


The
How
Wasted Years
You Can Help
Issued by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Many Members of Parliament, who belong to the Animal
105 Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
Welfare Group, are already pledged to fight for the implementa-
tion of the Littlewood Report. We are convinced that many other
Members would give us their support if they knew the full story
Over four million experiments a year
and the strength of public opinion. Would you please therefore:
The Cruelty to Animals Act was passed in 1876 to control
(i) Write in your own words to your Member of Parliament
experiments on living animals. It has remained virtually unaltered
urging him to press the Government to take immediate
for ninety-two years, although the whole pattern of scientific and
action to implement the Littlewood Report.
commercial research has changed. Instead of one or two small
research units handling under 300 animals a year, there are now
(ii) Speak or write to your friends asking them also to write to
over 600 establishments carrying out 48 million experiments
their M.P.s.
annually.
The R.S.P.C.A. has long been convinced that drastic reforms
in both the Law itself, and its administration, are vitally neces-
sary. A major campaign was launched in 1963 to explain the
of the Act, and the vast amount of unnecessary
Further supplies of this leaflet are available from R.S.P.C.A.,
inadequacy
105 Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1 for distribution to your friends
suffering which was taking place. The public was SO alarmed at
these disclosures, that great pressure was brought to bear in
Parliament, and over 60 questions were asked in the House.
There was All Party demand for action.
The Littlewood Committee
The Government appointed a committee of enquiry under the
Chairmanship of the late Sir Sydney Littlewood to carry out a
thorough investigation, and they decided that the members of the
Committee should include not only doctors, but a veterinary
Printed by Wightman & Co. Ltd., 1-3 Brixton Road, London, S.W.9


surgeon, two Members of Parliament, and certain very eminent
* Members of the public, by means of official publications, to
persons, respected throughout the country for their humanity and
be kept more fully informed on the subject of animal
unbiased judgment. This Committee spent two years making
experimentation generally.
exhaustive enquiries into the working of the Act, and published
their 265 page Report in 1965.
An unreasonable delay
The Government promised early action. At each subsequent
Session of Parliament, questions were asked on the subject, and
Proposed reforms
it was assumed that the delay in implementing the Report was
due to the usual problems in drafting suitable legislation.
The Committee's main recommendations for reform were:
Now, after three wasted years, we are told the bitter truth
* Amendment of the existing law to apply to ALL experi-
-that the Home Office consider that the 1876 Act worked
mental procedure liable to cause pain, stress, interference
'reasonably well' and that all the vital reforms suggested by the
with, or departure from, an animal's normal condition of
Littlewood Committee do not justify any priority.
well being.
In other words, the Government says that the paper work
involved in preparing what should be a non-controversial Bill
* Improvement and tightening-up of the present system of
licensing experimenters, with a closer scrutiny into the
outweighs the obvious and urgent need to give protection to the
millions of living animals used for experiment.
purpose of experiments.
* A widening of the function of the Advisory Committee set
The R.S.P.C.A. view
up on a recommendation of the 1906-12 Royal Commission
The R.S.P.C.A. has never been an anti-vivisection society-it
on Vivisection, to advise the Home Secretary on administra-
accepts that a certain amount of experimental work on animals
tion of the regulations controlling animal experimentation,
is unavoidable, but it does believe that the vast increase in
with a strengthening of its membership to include lay
experiments-95,731 in 1910, 3,701,184 in 1960, and 48 millions
persons.
in 1967-shows that the matter is now completely out of control.
An increase, from ten to twenty-one, in the number of Home
It is convinced that permission for experiments should be
Office inspectors appointed under the 1876 Act, to examine
subject to much more vigorous supervision, and the basic control
the suitability of applicants for licences, to advise on the
should be placed in the hands of a new Advisory Body, contain-
restrictions to be applied to licencees' work, to examine
ing unbiased, responsible persons. It is utterly wrong that
laboratory records, and to inspect and advise on conditions
scientists and the commercial laboratories should be given
under which
virtually a free hand to pursue their
and
are
laboratory animals kept. This inspectorate
personal aspirations
to be organised on a regional basis, with officers having
theories at the expense of suffering inflicted on tens of thousands
medical and veterinary qualifications available in each
of animals.
region.
The R.S.P.C.A. is convinced that 95 per cent of the public
support this commonsense and humanitarian approach, and that
* The Home Secretary to be empowered to make definite
the demands SO clearly indicated in Parliament in 1963 have been
regulations governing the care and accommodation of
frustrated by the evasion and stonewalling tactics of the Home
laboratory animals, and to make regulations governing their
Office. In the meantime, vast numbers of animals continue to
transport.
suffer quite needlessly.


Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
TELEPHONE
14th August, 1968.
TELEGRAMS
EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS
Grave disappointment characterizes the reaction of the
R.S.P.C.A. to the latest Government ret turn on experiments on
living animals, released yesterday. This return shows that
the rising tendency in the volume of experiments has once
again been resumed to such an extent that the number of
experiments for 1967 (4,755,680) tops those for 1965 when
the figure of 4,751,060 was the highest ever reached. The
R.S.P.C.A. recalls that last year when the 1966 figures
were released, they showed a drop of no less than 136,037
from the 1967 figures. It had been the constant and regular
increase in the anrual number of experiments that was advanced
as an argument by the R.S.P.C.A. for an enquiry into the
administration of the Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876.
Last year the R.S.P.C.A. addressed a letter to the Home
Secretary expressing the hope that the check on the increase
in the number of experiments - reflected in the 1966 figures -
was the result of policy decisions in his departnent, and
that the downward tendency was to be naintained. It is in the
light of this observation that the Society i. so disturbed
by this year's return showing the high increase in the number
of experiments during 1967. The R.S.P.C.A. recalls that thanks
in a large measure to agitation by this Society the Departmental
Committee on Experinents on Animals, under the Chairmanship
of Sir Sydney Littlewood, was appointed by the Home Secretary
in 1963. The Committee's report was published in 1965 and the
R.S.P.C.A. is appalled at the tardiness of the Government in
implementing the recommendations of its own Committee. A
demand for action on these recommendations has been the constant
theme of questions in Parliament. The last question was asked
as recently as 26th July, when the spokesman for the Home
Secretary said that there was nothing to add to the answer
given on 4th July, when it had been stated that "at this stage"
the Home Secretary could not say when it would be possible
to implement the recommendations of the Littlewood Committee.
The R.S.P.C.A. finds these delays intolerable and proposes
to agitate for the earliest possible action. The seriousness
with which the R.S.P.C.A. regards this delay will be clearly
understood when it is remembered that about 87 per cent of
experiments are still under Certificate A, which applies to
experiments carried out without anaesthetics, and almost 10
per cent of the expe riments are under Certificate B, which
applies to experiments carried out under anaesthesia, where the
animal is not killed before it recovers from the influence
of the anaesthetic.
TR/SAB


Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
105, Jermyn Street, London S.W.1.
TELEPHONE
TELEG GF RAMS
14th June, 1968.
EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS
In a letter dated 12th June, 1968, Major R.F. Seager,
Secretary of the R.S.P.C.A., has asked the Home Secretary,
on behalf of the Council of the R.S.P.C.A., for an
assurance that the Ministry of Defence establishments at
Porton Down, Wiltshire, are regularly visited by the
inspectors appointed under the Cruelty to Animals Act,
1876, which regulates experiments on animals. The
R.S.P.C.A.'s letter draws attention to the very considerable
disquiet and anxiety caused by recent television and
press disclosures about experiments on animals at
Porton Down and asks also for an assurance that every
effort is made to recuce animal suffering to a minimum.
In his letter to the Home Secretary the R.S.P.C.A.
Secretary expresses the grave concern of the R.S.P.C.A.
that no action has yet been taken by the dovernment
towards implementing the recommendations of the Littlewood
Committee, set up in 1963 to enquire into the existing
regulations governing animal experimentation. The report
of that committee was published as long ago as April,
1965, and, whilst fully rec gnising the complexity of
the subject and the necessity for new legislation, the
R.S.P.C.A. and other interested organisations feel that
the long delay in government action is deplorable.
There is undoubted public concern about animal
experimentation and, as the committee's report made
abundantly clear, there is urgent need for reform.
TR/SAB


EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS
HOME OFFICE RETURN FOR 1965
PRESS STATEMENT
The alarming increase of over a quarter of
a million in the number of experiments on animals
last year by comparison with the previous year gives
added support to the R.S.P.C.A. argument for stricter
control over the licensing of experiments.
It was
the year-by-year increase in the number of such
experiments that prompted the R.S.P.C.A. to demand
an investigation into the administration of the
Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876, under which vivisection
is authorised.
The latest figures (total, 4,751,060, against
4,494,931 for 1964) appear in the Home Office return
of experiments for the year 1965, which has just been
published.
For years Home Secretaries resisted R.S.P.C.A.
pressure for an enquiry into the administration of
the Cruelty to Animals Act, but finally in 1963 a
Departmental Committee was appointed under the Chair-
manship of Sir Sydney Littlewood to consider the present
control over experiments on living animals and to
consider whether and if so what changes are desiratle in the
law or its administration.
As well as expressing publicly its alarm at the
latest increase in the numbers of experiments, the
R.S.P.C.A. is writing to the Home Secretary urging
speedy implementation of the recommendations of the
Littlewood Report.
TR/YC 25:8:66 Read to P.A. a.m.
Copies to : Mr. Lloyd
Mr. Joiner
Mr. Girdwood
Editor
Editorial II
File
Correspondence
Parade Room
Overseas
Night Staff
Magazine
Mr. Kornell
Mr. White
Clinics
Supts.
Parliamentary
Branch


Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
TELEPHONE
WHITEHALL: 7177
TELEGRAMS
EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS
THE LITTLEWOOD COMMITTEE'S REPORT.
In order to understand the report it is necessary to
recall how the Act under which experiments are conducted came
into being and the history of the need for reforms in its
administration.
In 1863 it became known that veterinary students in
France were being required to perform, as part of their
training, operations on live horses without anaesthetic, a
series of operations on each horse. This aroused in England
concern about the suffering of animals in experiments among
leading persons in various walks of life. The British
Association and the British Meaical Association took the
matter up. In 1874 a memorandum to the R.S.P.C.A. was signed by
a number of the most eminent, not only in science and medicine,
but also in other of the various walks of life referred to
above. In 1875 there was a Royal Commission on Vivisection
and the Home Office was asked to produce a bill embodying its
recommendations. The original intention was to prohibit
experiments on animals entirely, but when the bill was drawn
up, its sponsors came to the view that this would drive
experiments underground and experimenters abroad. The bill
was entitled the Cruelty to Animals bill. It became an Act in
1876 and has covered experiments on animals ever since.
The main provision is that a person shall not perform on
a living animal any experiment calculated to give pain except
subject to restrictions imposed by the Act. The experiment
must be performed with a view to the advancement of new
discovery of physiological knowledge or of knowledge which
will be usefal for saving or prolonging life or alleviating
suffering. Experiments can be conducted only under licence
from the Home Secretary. Whilst the main provisions of the
Act leave little to be desired, it allows that certificates
(in addition to licences) may be issued for experiments
without anaesthetic if insensibility cannot be produced
without frustrating the experiment; the animal need not be
killed if this would frustrate the experiment; experiments may
be made not for some new knowledge but to test discoveries
already made; and for illustration of lectures as to the use
of anaesthetics. All these exceptions, however, are governed
by the overruling condition that they are absolutely necessary
for the acquiring of knowledge which will be useful for saving
or prolonging life or alleviating suffering.
The Home Secretary appoints inspectors. When the Act was
passed, very few experiments were expected. Every application
for a licence must be signed by the president of one of the
leading scientific societies concerned with medical or
veterinary research and also by a professor of the subject
congerned; A whole section of the Act is given to penalties,
proyiding for fines up to £100 and imprisonment for three
months.
As time went on, criticism of experiments on animals was
made. In the 1900's there was another Royal Commission. One
of the results of its report in 1912 was that the Home
Secretary from then on attached to certificates the condition
that if the experimenter found that the animal was in severe
suffering that was likely to endure, it must be killed. The
Commission advised the setting up of an Advisory Committee to
give advice on issues that might arise, and that it should
include persons in touch with public opinion. The Advisory
Committee that was set up consieted of distinguished medical
men, and included lagpersons.
the lattur wuggetion waD not acapted-


The number of experiments, which, for the first year
after the Act came into force was 300, went up by leaps and
bounds. By 1930, the total number was450,822. By 1950, it was
The British Veterinary Association on two occasions, the
second in 1957, asked for the appointment of veterinarians as
inspectors. This had the complete support of the R.S.P.C.A.
and the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. It was
refused.
In 1957 the R.S.P.C.A. appointed a committee to look into
the Act and its administration. In 1959 was published The
Principles of Hur ane Experimental Technique by W. Mo S. Russell
and R. L. Burch, research workers for U.F.A.W. They emphasised
mental distress, admitted that suffering on a lexge scale was
inflicted on animals in experiments, that in many of them
scientific accuracy was sadly to seek; that many experiments
are unnecessary; thatumnenessarily large nunbere of aninale
are used; that many tests could be performed on preserved
organs and through other means.
In 1959 the R.S.P.C.A. sent a letter to the Home Secretary.
It urged that the inspectors should include veterinerians, that
the existing number of five inspectors was quite inadequate,
that their time was largely absorbed in administration as
distinct from inspecting (the inspectors did not inspect or
supervise 1% of the experiments); that although a whole
section of the Act is given to penalties, there has not been
one single prosecution under the Act; that the Advisory
Committee should include veterinarions and one or two
representatives of animal protection societies and that it
should be required to meet regularly; that random experiment-
ation was not consistent with moral responsibility involving
the suffering of animals; assosiated itselfwwith findings of
Russell and Burch; and asked the Home Secretary to receive a
deputation. He replied that he had no legislation in mind and
therefore did not think that a discussion vould be useful.
The R.S.P.C.A. replied that the majority of its recommendations
did not require legislation, and repeated its request for
veterinorians to be both on the inspectorate and on the
Advisory Committee. The Home Secretary again refused to receive
a deputation and said that since 1951 there had been a veterin-
arian on the Advisory Committee. The R.S.P.C.A. then wrote
saying that it would be obliged to resort CO publicity. It
did so. It sent letters to the Members of both Houses of
Parliament and spent thousands of paunds en a leaflet
entitled, "Cruelty Within the Law" and advertisements inviting
applications for it.
The ennual reports issued by the Home Office reported
that 90% of the experiments were wit thout anaesthetics, saying
that they were nostly inoculations, external applications or
stimuli, modifications of diet and the like. "Cruelty Within
the Law" pointed out that many animals are inoculated with
virulent diseases, involving prolonged pain, sometimes
inoculated in the eyes; feeding experiments include starvation,
paralysis and convulsions; animals are deprived of sleep to
an excessive degree and SO on. Of animals anaesthetized
during experiments only one-severth were killed before coming
round.
The Home Secretary eventually received a deputation from
the R.S.P.C.A. but the only concession was to appoint a sixth
inspector I a medical man.


In a publication, experimenter after experimenter
téstified that he never had the slightest difficulty in
getting a licence. No application was refused in a year.
The response to the publicity was great. As a direct
result of the publicity, a number of Members of Parliament,
asked relevant questions in the House of Commons. Mr. F. F. A.
Burden, M.P., a member of the R.S.P.C.Ao Council, was particularly
active in that respect. In 1962 the Home Secretary asked the
Chairman of the Advisory Committee to report on the issues.
The Committee favoured an enquiry by persons with medical and
veterinary and scientific knowledge. It admitted that some
improvements were possible and that the inspectors did not
observe many experiments. It recommended an increase in their
number, one to have veterinary qualifications.
cilities should
be given for visits to laboratories by persons competent to
judge. The Advisory Committee had met oaly twice in four years.
The new Home Secretary, Mr, Brooke, accepted these views
of the Advisory Committee but wont further. The number of
inspectors was incmoased from six to eight, the two new oncs
having veterinary as well as medical qualifications. He
appointed a departmental committee to inquire into the issues.
It had as chairman Sir Sydney Littlewood, a distinguished
solicitor. It was not limited to persons with medical,
veterinary and scientific knowledge but included also persons
representing wider interests. It had as its secretary Mr. P.
Beedle of the Home Office. It did its work very thoroughly.
The RoS.P.C.A. submitted a comprehonsive memorandum. The
Committee asked a number of questions on it and invited the
R.S.P.C.A. to send a deputation. The interview lasted a whole
day. In it the deputation held that the principles embodied
in the Act were of permanent value. It had been hoped that
Dr. Fraser, a medical man who is a member of the R.S.P.C.A.
Council, would be one of the deputation: he was unable to
attend but the Committee agreed to receive a memorandum from
him and to interview him. Permission was given to him to
confer with the Home Office inspectors. In his memorandum Dr.
Fraser suggested that for adequate inspection 21 inspéctors
were required and proposed higher salaries.
The report of tho Committee was published in April, 1965.
It says:-
"One feature common to the evidence we received both from
those who oppose all forms of animal experiment and from
those who regard such experiments as an essèntial and *
socially valuable method has been the recognition that
anyone who makes use of an animal in research incurs a
moral responsibility to justify his action and a duty to
avoid or at least to limit pain and give proper care.
This recognition has governed our approach throughout and
underlies the whole of our report. 11
"The general principles governing. the use of living animals
for scientific research should remain unchanged. The Açt
has been generally effective but in recent years its
provisions have not matehed up to modern scientific and
technological requirements and administration has not
kept pace with recent scientific advance 11
"Stricter supervision over the granting of licences and
the day to day control of experiments should be imposed."


"The Committee recormends that 'all animals in laboratories,
whether used for experiments or for other scientific
purposes, should be protected against severe pain that
endures, disconfort that is likely to endure, and
avoidable pain of any kind". The Act should be amended
so as clearly to apply to any experimental procedure
liable to cause stress or interference with, or
departure from, an animal's normal condition of well-
being."
"Anaesthetics should be given by trained staff and more
attention paid to analgesics. There should be a statutory
power for inspectors to order the inmediate destruction
of an animal in considerable pain."
The Committee lays much emphasis on the need for
veterinary supervision and the contribution that
veterinary science can make to the operation of animal
laboratories. It recommends that the Home Secretary
should have power to make regulations governing the care,
accommodation and transport of laboratory animals. It
also urges that the Home Office should issue an interim
code of standards.
Inspection.
The Committee recommends that the number of inspectors
should be increased to 21 (the number suggested by
Dr. Fraser). As to salaries, "a witness from the
R.S.P.C.A. proposed that the basic grade should be
equated with that of a consultant in the National Health
Service ( 2,910 - £4,445, with an additional special
allowance for the chief inspector)." The Committee
recommends that inspectors and superintending inspectors
should receive £3,000 and the chiof inspuctor £4,700 fixed;
and that half of the inspectorato should be veterinarians.
Licensing.
The licensing provisions of the Act are found to require
drastic revision. It is recommended that:-
"(1) application for a licence should be supported by two
signatories;
(ii) one signatory shculd be qualified in the same
discipline as that in which the applicant proposed
to experiment;
(iii) the first signatory should have personal knowledge
of the applicant and his capabilities and work, and
be in a position to take personal responsibility for
ensuring that he was properly trained for the work
proposed and to see that it was properly carried out
(1r) the second signatory should be a professor either in
a department with knowledge of the laboratory in
which the work was to be performed or with personal
knowledge of the first signatory.
The sponsors should take responsibility for certifying
that, in their opinion:-


(i) the applicant is suitably qualified by treining,
knowledge and skill, to perform
(a) the procedure(s) proposed,
(b). any other procedures for which under the proposals
we make. in chapter 19 the licence. will be. a standing
authority. (control of usages, see below)
and, if the-applicant is to perform experiments; that
(ii) the research is such as may lead to the advancement
of biologicel 1-knowledie or Knowledge that will bo
useful in saving life or alleviating suffering;
the work does not, to their knowledge, unnecessarily
repeat-work of which the findings have been confirmed.
(iv) the experiments have been designed 30 as "notrto be
wasteful, of animals."
Itis to be noted that the Committee substitutes "biology".
for "physiology" in the Act.
New Controls.
The Committee pays particular attention to the inadoguaoy
-of the present law to regulate experiments that begin
with a trivial procedure yet may lead to severe pain and
suffering, Control of usages (referred to above) means
that before a licence is issued the Home Office states
the number of aninals, the species that might be used, the
procedure proposed, the number of staff and the
qualifications of those who will deal with the. animalso
The Advisory Committoe-should be asked to advise upon each
such. scheme. The Home Offine should. make special enquiry
if the. aninals reported to have been used by any licensee
in 33 year is apparently excessive, and should satisfy
itself that no-wastage accurred and that adequate
statistical guidance.was both available and used. For
pertain-experiments the licensee should submit a detailed
application.setting out the. purpose. in view, procedures,
species and mumber of aninals.. Standard laboratory
records. are suggested to.facilitate inspection.
Advisory Committeen
It should be. reconstituted. to include lay persons. It
should. advise.on. general natters of policy as well as on
proposed experiments.of.a.novel or controversial oharacter.
Itshould be empowered to advise.on its own initiative-on'
natiters.relevant to. the usage-and care of laboratory
animals, and_should make an annualreport on its.cWI
activities.
Publicity.
The -objects of-the. law would be served better if the
facts were-nore readily ascertainable. The comnittee
recommends a more informetive.anmual report. The new
Advisory Cormittee should immediately consider what
information should be collected and published and. should
publish its own comments. on the Home Office report. The
lav should be amended to permit laboratory "authorities to
invite members of the public to visit. laboratories.and
animal houses.


Supply of animals.
The report recormends that the prohibition of the handing
over of strays for experiments by the Dogs Act, 1906
should be retained. Breeding units that are not part of
registored laboratories should be made statutorily subject
to separate registration, roquirements for husbandry and
inspection. It should be a condition of registration
that the breeder should notify the Home Office of the
species and strains he is producing, so that the depart-
ment may review the need for safeguards, e.g., against a
particular susceptibility to pain or distress.
Inspection should be carried out by Hone Office inc anetors
- but in the case of breeders accredited by the Liton at tory
Animals Centre, visits should be made in.consultation or
jointly with a representative of that Centre. Consideration
should be given to a scheme for controlling the collection
of unwanted dogs and cats directly fron persons who breed
such animals for non-laboratory purposes by requiring that
collectors approved for this activity should hold a licence
and be subject to Home Office inspection.
The main recommendation is that laboratory authorities
should be required to obtain their cats and dogs either
by breeding for themselves or by purchase from breeders
as controlled under the above regulations or from
approved collectors. The problens of central co-ordinat-
ion of supply and control of quality and the provision of
funds should be the subject of urgent inquiry by the
interests concerned.
The R.S.P.C.A. in its memorandun to the Committee drew
attention to "psychological" experiments being carried out on
an extensive scale not covered by the Act. The Committee
reconmends that experimentation to induce stress should require
prior approval by the Home Office of particulars of purpose,
procedures, species and numbers duly endorsed by sponsors.
When the deputation from the R.S.P.C.A. appeared before
the Committee, it emphasised the need for met thods of inquiry
other than experimentation on live animals to be sought
vigorously, giving as an example that the use of computers had
been found to be equally efficient in appropriate
investigations. In its report the Committee points out that
this lay outside its terms of reference, but one of its
members, Mrs. Joyce Butler, X.P., added to its report a
nemorandum supporting the need for methods of inquiiy other
than experimentation on live animals to be explored.
In the light of history it may be claimed that the reforms
inaugurated by Mr. Brooke were brought about almost entirely
by the R.S.P.C.A. U.F.A.W. has made a great contribution in
care for laboratory animals, especially on behalf of rats and
mice.
The R.S.P.C A. urges that the recommendations of the
Littlewood Committee,rof whom and its secretary it expresses
high approciation, should be carried into effect as soon as
ever possible.


Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
TELEPHONE
TELEGRAMS
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION
PRESS CONFERENCE - 22ND NOVEMBER, 1968
The R.S.P.C.A. accepts that some animal experimentation
involving the use of living animals is necessary in the
interests of human and animal welfare, but is opposed to all
experiments which cause pain to animals. The Society is not
seeking to shew that there is widespread deliberate cruelty
in connection with animal experimentation in this country,
where the safeguards imposed are far in advance of those, for
example, in the United States of America, Russia and Japan.
BUT IT DOES STRONGLY CONTEND THAT THERE IS NEED SUBSTANTIALLY
TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS AND TO INTRODUCE NEW
LEGISLATION TO CONTROL THEM MORE ADEQUATELY. Also to discover
and apply new techniques and procedures which do not require
the use of living animals.
Today, the total number of experiments performed on
living animals in this country approaches 5 MILLION in every
year, and it is obvious that the Cruelty to Animals Act,
1876 - which governs animal experimentation and which has
remained virtually unchanged I is now out-dated.
About ninety per cent of experiments performed under the
Act are performed without an anaesthetic. Not all inflict
pain or suffering, but many do. "Simple inoculation"
experiments can result in very severe suffering. The
investigation of the effect of drugs, as distinct from their
testing and standardisation, can give rise to extreme suffer-
ing. Diagnostic tests cause suffering, the degree of which
depends on the na ture of the disease that is being investigated.
Feeding experiments, which sound innocuous enough, can produce
suffering. Experimental medicine involves the infliction on
animals of the whole vast complex of human suffering, including
disease, injury and even psychological states. Many present-
day experiments, too, are of a "commercial" nature - the testing
of cosmetics etc. Recently, in that connection, the Home
Office confirmed that experiments are permitted which involve
the application of possible irritants to the eyes of animals.
There has been a great increase in "stress" experiments, where
animals are subjected to fear, hunger or frustration. Such
experiments are used in connection with research into human
mental illness and maladjustment. At present, it is far from
clear whether many of these "stress" experiments are covered
by existing regulations.
In 1963, the R.S.P.C.A. campaigned for reform. In that
year, the Home Secretary appointed a Committee of Inquiry,
under the chairmanship of the late Sir Sydney Littlewood.
Its Report was published in APRIL, 1965, and contained a
number of proposals for reasonable and ameliorative reform,
some of them suggestions the R.S.P.C.A. had put forward in
written and oral evidence to the Committee.
SINCE 1965, THE GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN NO STEPS TOWARDS
IMPLEMENTING THE LITTLEWOOD COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS,
beyond inviting the views of interested bodies and appointing
two additional Home Office inspectors, bringing the total up
to 10, to cover the entire country.


Over 60 Questions have been asked in Parliament - some
at the Society's instigation urging that action be taken.
On the 16th July last, a spokesman for the Home Office informed
the Society that "as regards implementation of the recommendat tions
of the Littlewood Committee, the Home Secretary recognises the
disirability of replacing the Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876, by
legislation more suited to present-day requirements and he
appreciates your Society's concern that this should not be
delayed indefinitely. I am sorry to say, however, that at
this stage we cannot justify according the matter priority
among the many other pressing demands on the Government's
legislative programme. We regret that we cannot hold out
any hope of early steps to produce new legislation on this
subject." THE R.S.P.C.A. CONTENDS THAT THIS MATTER, AFFECTING
MILLIONS OF ANIMALS IN EVERY YEAR, DOES JUSTIFY PRIORITY AND
THAT A DELAY OF OVER THREE YEARS IS UNREASONABLE AND UNJUSTIFIED.
The main recommendations of the Littlewood Committee were:-
Amendment of the existing law to apply to ALL
experimental procedure liable to cause pain,
stress, interference with, or departure from,
an animal's normal condition of well being.
Improvement and tightening-up of the present
system of licensing experimenters, with a
closer scrutiny into the purpose of experiments.
* A widening of the function of the Advisory
Committee set up on a recommendation of the
1906-12 Royal Commission on Vivisection, to
advise the Home Secretary on administration
of the regulations controlling animal
experimentation, with a strengthening of its
membership to include lay persons.
* An increase, from ten to twenty-one, in the
number of Home Office inspectors appointed
under the 1876 Act, to examine the suitability
of applicants for licences, to advise on the
restrictions to be applied to licencees' work,
to examine laboratory records, and to inspect
and advise on conditions under which laboratory
animals are kept. This inspectorate to be
organised on a regional basis, with officers
having medical and veterinary qualifications
available in each region.
The Home Secretary to be empowered to make
definite regulations governing the care and
accommodation of laboratory animals, and to
make regulations governing their transport.
* Members of the public, by means of official
publications, to be kept more fully informed
on the subject of animal experimentation
generally.
AJ/DJT


Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
TELEPHONE 01-930 0971
TELENEWS Editor,
15th November, 1968.
EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS
R.S.P.C.A. ATTACKS GOVSRNMENT LASSISTUDE
PRESS CONFERENCE: 11 A.M. FRIDAY NOVEMBER 22, 1968.
R.S.P.C.A., 105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1.
You are invited to send a representative to R.S.P.C.A., 105,
Jermyn Street, London, S.W.1., at 11 a.m. on Friday 22nd November,
1968, when Mr. F.F.A. Burden, M.P., and Mr. J.S. Hobhouse, both
members of the R.S.P.C.A. Council, will give details of the
campaign launched by the R.S.P.C.A. urcing the government to
give effect to the recommendations of the Littlewood Committee.
Mrs. Joyce Butler. M.P., who was a member of the comnittee
will be present.
The Littlewood Committee was apo ointed in 1963 to go into
the administration of the Cruelty to Animals Act, 1876, under
which animal experiments are authorised. It reported in 1965,
and the R.S.P.C.A. has repeatedly urged that the committee's
recommendations should be implemented. Members of both Houses
of Parliament have also made frequent appe eals for action on
the report: all to no avail.
With this conference, the R.S.P.C.A. embarks on a campaign
in support of its appeal for action and is, through its branches
and direct from headquarters, placing in the hands of the public
a pamphlet setting out the facts and outlining the help that
everyone is able to give. Copies of this pamphlet will be
available at the press conference.
The R.S.P.C.A. is hoping to have the full support of the
press, the 3.B.C. and the I.T.V. in forcing action on a report,
which the government spent taxpayers' money on between 1963 and
1965, and now, over three years later, is still refusing to
implement.
This is a vital issue. Last year 4,751,060 experiments
were performed on living animals.
Any questions you wish to ask will be answered at this
conference.
Yourforyppully,
RFS/TR/SAB
R.F.' Seager
Secretary.
Cut here
I shall be attending the press conference at the R.S.P.C.A.
Headquarters at 11 a.m. on Friday, 22nd November, 1968.
Signed
Name of paper,
agency or broadcasting authority
Address
Please return to: P.R.0., R.S.P.C.A., 105, Jermyn Street,
London, S.W.1.


have been chosen for preparing polio vaccines and
dough depend on its water content and Dr. M. V.
more recently developed vaccines 7 Dr. Hilleman Tracey of the Bread Research Institute, Sydney, New
SUMMARY OF THE
also stated that Human Diploid Cells permit the South Wales, has shown that the addition of
SITUATION AND
growth of viruses that cannot now be in anaesthetics to dough makes tougher, whilst the
SUGGESTIONS FOR SPEEDING UP
animal cells: This could the way Fora , said,
addition of stimulants makes : more crumbly. It
RESEARCH IN
"for development of killed Panc live virus vaccines, is suggested that if this technique were developed
THESE DIRECTIONS
especially the rhinoviruses, which are a principal
anaesthetics or stimulants could be screened
cause of the common cold and for which there is no
this way instead of on animals.
is clear that in this highly technical field
peimnels
specific control See also Science 24/2/64,
ot research are cxpens too few and the subject is little
THE 66 PLASTIC" MAN: The first of a series of understood by those outside its sphere. Researchers
LOWER ORGANISMS: Protozoa: Studies on uni-
"Plastic Man" (instrumented in its head and chest to trained in animal technology should lose no time
cellular organisms have been in progress for some
respond to various "stresses" applied during opera- in widening their outlook in order that they keep
tions) has been developed at the
of Southern abreast of the times. There is
for
years. At symposium held during the 15th
California School of Medicine University for training anaesthe- use of the most
increasing scope for
Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Bio-
tists. Further developments in other directions could
those capable of dealing modern with computers, simulation especially models.
logical Sciences on the industrial uses of protozoa,
eventually replace the need for animals.
it was explained that certain protozoa whose internal
The field of virology has developed new advanced
chemistry is remarkably similar to that of humans
DUMMIES: General Motors America have
scientific techniques which are applicable to
the
have proved usefuli in the screening of drugs for side developed a dummy to be used of car-crash tests
every field of medical research and teaching, nearly yet
effects, for measuring the amount and quality of which will make possible more precise studies of
these techniques are not being applied by a
vitamins and proteins in foods and for detecting the
what actually happens to car occupants in accidents.
handful of scientists.
except
cancer-causing ability of certain chemicals. (Re- The dummy, Sophisticated Sam ", has simulated
New York Times 26/8/64.) Dr. Seymour anatomical features such as a fracturable skull and
Students at all levels are being deprived of most of
poTe Hutner at Haskins Laboratories, New York, a
flesh and muscle structures that will indicate lacera-
this basic knowledge and reform will need to com-
laboratory
specialist in this field, says in his published papers tive and other
crashes. These
mence at the text-book level.
that the use of the 66 little animals 99 (protozoa) would dummies will be damage able to resulting replace from animals used in car-
In the interests of
the
of patholo-
spare the big animals
crash tests.
gists and technicians the prompt training procurement,
is at Haskins Laboratories
propren
*It thought
that research
IPREGNANCY TESTS: It is no necessary to
processing and preserving of human tissues is essen-
on Euglena may provide answers for important
animal
use live animals in routine tests pregnancy
tial. Tissue Banks should be established so that
nutritional
anaemia
longerne
questions related to pernicious
determinations can now be made chemically with
human and animal tissues, etc., could be readily
and leukemia-type disorders, to name just two pos- comparable accuracy within minutes.
obtained for research and teaching purposes (sug-
sible applications.
gested sources: hospitals and slaughter houses).
*Ochromonas is now widely used at this Laboratory
these :OESTROGENS: can be produced Used from in human medicine urine and and cosmetics, human
Tissue cultures are produced commercially by such
as a replacement for rats and chickens in biological
obsolete
placentae which makes it quite unnecessary to obtain
firms as Flow Laboratories Ltd., Victoria Park,
testing and several pharmaceutical companies are these hormones from animal sources.
Heatherhouse Road, Irvine, Scotland; Microbiologi-
using it as a screening method for anti-cancer agents.
cal Associates, Bethesda Avenue, Bethesda, Mary-
*Sea Urchin Eggs: According to Dr. Ross F. Nigrelli, VIRUS IDENTIFICATION: A relatively Win- new
land 20014, U.S.A.; and Roswell Park Memorial
director of the Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry technique has been more St. fully Marks developed Hill, Surbiton, by
Institute, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A.
and Ecology at the New York Aquarium: "In throp U.K. Biologicals This does not Ltd., directly require animals for In the it has been claimed that the use of
testing drugs we use sea urchin eggs because the testing suspect viruses but uses antibodies that are animals past medical research was essential to pro-
fertilization cycle is well known and results are avail- be labelled with a fluorescent The antibody to
gress. It can now be that the continued use
able within forty-eight hours. The eggs may
which the dye is attached still produced in
of these creatures is fact a hindrance in view of
stimulated
without
Mtet
develop
fertilization division.
animals but even this may eventually be replaced by
the enormous potential that llies in the further
there may be deviations in cell
We could antibody produced in tissue culture. Other advan-
development of the new methods.
FEBRUARY 1969
have told them about thalidomide very quickly, had
of the method are the of diagnosis (two
we tested it on sea-urchin eggs
tages hours as against weeks by techniques) and the
It is essential that more funds be directed towards
these
Mokerte
*Water Mould: Drs. E. S. Beneke and Y. Lingyappa, straight-forward equipment used.
as possible very positive and that channels every incentive of research be as speedily to those
University of Michigan, have found that a certain RADIO-IMMUNO-ASSAYS are techniques for
researchers working on these projects. given
water mould is an excellent test object for potential evaluating the
quantities or reactions of,
anti-cancer drugs.
for
hormones, presence, vitamins, enzymes and
tInformation obtained with kind
from
*References from "Green Medicine" by Margaret B.
chemicals instance, produced in response to infection (anti-
UAA Reports, 509 Fifth Avenue, Rermisdor York, N.Y.
Krieg by permission of publishers, George G. Harrap sera) by the use of radio-active substances similar r 10017.
Fair
& Co., Ltd., London.
to those present in the body. They do not require The conditions to this leaflet. of the Copying Declaration
ANAESTHETICS: A recent theory on general
the direct use of live animals. Such an assay kit for apply
anaesthetics, based on their reactions with water, estimating insulin has been produced the Radio-
suggests that they may compete with brain cells for chemical Centre, Amersham, Bucks., by conjunction
available water in the brain. The properties of with Burroughs Wellcome.
The Shamrock Pres Ltd. 57, Church Road, Wimbledon S.W.19.


REPLACEMENTS for ANIMALS
Two papers presented in the Proceedings of the 18th
culture induced by the application of a pain " pro-
in MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS
Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and ducing chemical (the use of human gut is being
It PAYS to be Humane
COMPUTERS: Improvements in the design and
Biology, 1965, confirm that live animals are not investigated). The second method is to study the
programming of both digital and analog computers needed to study the heart. One author states: The effect of drugs on the slow developin bo pain produced
Technologies which promise to replace vast num-
are leading to their greater use in basic research
cardiovascular system is approximately described by in human 6 volunteers by tourniquets. CDT. H. Beecher,
bers of animals in medical research are fast becom- such as in the simulation of physiological processes
mathematical equations. Another paper describes U.S.A., Science ", 151:Feb. 18, 1966).
ing available and there would seem to be little doubt and biochemical reactions. These studies are carried a mathematical model of the heart arteries. The
that these methods arc the trend of the future.
out using mathematical models, that is mathematical
authors state that the effect of certain defects such
Chick tested for Embryo: Drugs like thalidomide can now be at
which
as constriction or narrowing of the main heart artery
teratogenic effects on chick embryos
equations represent the processes or reactions
can be introduced into their
the
Dr. De & Dr- Peters say it
However, despite their undeniable advantages, it involved. The use of
in these ways has
readily
simulation.
might stage: of value to include Bock this kind of test before
these
FBe
would that techniques are not being wide application in such as nerve cell studies,
Biomedical Engineering: First started in Britain at
clinical trials of are started" (see Nature 199:
STauE
drugs
mmplarondd developed widely they might be the dynamics of circulation, biochemical reaction
Strathclyde University in 1964, this new science will
-particularly the fields of toxicity testing andi in the
kinetics, and homeostatic and neuromuscular simu-
provide answers for the surgeon and others, and in Sept.
manufacture in vaccines where millions of animals
lations. In addition, complex biochemical experi- vitro studies are already being carried out thus sav-
Pesticides: Toxicity tests of pesticides in human
are still used.
ments can be performed without using animals,
ing the use of live animals.
cells- 1965. -see ProcSocExper.BiolMed." V.120: 163-168, chronic
patients or laboratory analyses. Other advantages
The authors have conducted similar
It should be realised that as long as the present
are saving in time, the avoidance of laboratory error
TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE: Prof. S. T.
toxicity tests in tissue culture with interesting results.
methods of drug testing and vaccine manufacture and the possibility of exploring biochemical frontiers Aygun of Turkey (University of Ankara) claims that Dr. Jean-Pierre Marliac, an FDA researcher, U.S.A.,
continue, many people are likely to be injured or for which no satisfactory methods of laboratory
very large proportion of animal experiments could
reports that the chick embryo method is of con-
even killed as a result of side effects.
analysis exist. The application the latest com- bo replaced by tissue culture and has tried for a
siderable value in screening of pest ticides.
puter techniques opens a newera of clinical research, number of years to interest the universities of the
Human Diploid Cells: Britain and America
the
Advantages to gained with use of alternative diagnosis, treatment and training. Computers are
world in adopting and pharmacology. his tissue culture methods in
monkey kidney tissue is used for the purpose of mak-
methods in economy and safety factors alone
also used in car crash studies (New Scientist 9/1/69).
toxicology
These methods, he
polio and other vaccines and
numbers of
must surely feede sufficient incentive to warrant their
Sources: Electronic Associates, Inc., West Long
feels, possess all the advantages and none animals of the animals ing are constantly
large for this purpose.
early adoption and no really progressive scientist
Branch, New Jersey: Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Cal. acknowledged for a disadvantages of the use of
Contamination of the required is always possible
vaccine
would wish continue working with such an out-
Some examples of the techniques now made possible
variety of purposes- physiological, immuno-
despite the
taken
(The
dated tool
this.
as the laboratory animal is becoming. are given below.
logical, is also the dosage best assessment to investigate and so on. cancer. In his He view says it Simian SV40 precautions virus which causes tumours prevent in animals
It should be noted that scientists who use these tech-
tConditioned Reflex. Pavlov's salivating dog experi-
that such tissue eoturesn yield results more quickly and the green monkey fever virus are two of forty
niques claim that they are scientifically, economi-
ment has been simulated on a computer and the data than animal experiments, are cheaper, more accu-
or so contaminants already found in these tissues.) is
cally and ethically superior to those involving
obtained agree well with the physiological data; in
rate, and can be applied to disease causes which may One alternative in the manufacture of vaccines
animals. Whilst some of the methods have been
addition this mathematical model even measures the
occur in certain animals or humans and not in others. the use of Human Diploid Cell Stra ins. Techniques
known for a number of years, others are however different degrees of
and
the
Organ Culture:
other whole
originally Wistar developed by Prof. L. Hayflick, have previously
it would a
this
Amongst
organ of the Institute,
shown
relatively new.
equipment trempe simple task tio rty
studies,
Philadelphia.
model to other physiological experiments of higher
one using human Focuy lung in culture has that a small piece of human embryonic lung
order. (Steadman J., 1965, AHCL Rept. No. 7).
shown results which suggest that the hydrocarbons obtained from an aborted foetus can be grown in
It is therefore very much in the interests both
Kidney Function,
book "The
in cigarette smoke play an essential role in the
tissue culture continuously for
one
humans and animals alike that the public BE kept Revolution in Medicine In his (MIT 1967) Coming Dr.
development of human lung cancer (I. Lasnitzki:
without acquiring
malignant cells.
informed of the latest developments taking place in
Press,
Cancer Research
U.K.). See also
cgprame
David D.
Year has been calculated cells derived from this
this very positive field of research and details of
Rustein
the many fragmented 99
aren
on the to
Organ Culture in Experimental Medicine
single human diploid cell strain called WI-38 can be
some of the latest advances are given in this leaflet. experiments Edny with disjointed results
Review by Prof. Lauri Saxen in Duodecim 9, 1967, used to grow sufficient virus to imm unise the entire
and says that most of the important functions of and 66 Processing & Storage of Viable Human
population of the world many virus diseases
AN APPEAL: We will be glad to supply further
this organ can be defined and analysed by simula- the Tissues 95 by T. Malinin, 1966, U.S.A.
including See also against New Scientist 99 16/2/67
copies of this leaflet upon request, and donations electronic tion of total computer, kidney leading function. to This a computer has application
Cell Culture Devices: The
extract is and 66 Scientific polio. American ", March 1968.
continue would be circulating much appreciated the valuable in order information to enable us con- to in both pure and applied research.
from a paper published the following U.S. Office of Naval Britain now has her own stocks of WI-38 strain
tained in this leaflet to researchers and others
tHeart Disease. In an article (IEEE Trans. on Bio- Research which 66 leaves by doubt of the value of which are produced and distributed to various coun-
throughout the world.
med.Engineering. July 1967) a mathematical model
tissue culture: During the of this Nonr tries abroad on behalf of the World Health Organi-
is described in which a complete heart block (acute Contract (5/1/61-10/31/64) we Peried developed, three and
sation by the M.R.C. Division of Immunological
For further copies please apply to:
heart attack), well as relative delays, duration employed in related research problems, dif-
Products Control National Institute For Medical Re-
and amplitude af pulses, can be simulated.
ferent cell culture devices which enable us to simu-
search (Hampstead Laboratories), Holly Hill, Lon-
PROMOTERS of ANIMAL WELFARE
Electronic Associates, Inc., advertises that the whole late in vivo the chemostat conditions under this rigid control". states: don, N.W.3.
cardiovascular system can be simulated on a com- Describing
device,
of virus
Scientific
Adviser and Organiser
puter. In a publication (Medical Electronics News,
this instrument is a valuable tool Paore studying Dr. Maurice R. Hilleman, Merck director (U.S.A.), and
Treasurer
Mrs. D. Hegarty,
March 1968) this firm describes some of its equip- the effects of drugs, hormones, etc. on a cellular biology research at the Institute
Dr. CE. Foister, 35 Wool Road,
ment as follows: "Using a hybrid computer, it is
level ".
stated in the American Review Another of Respiratory of
18, Manor Close,
Wimbledon,
possible to simulate the cardiovascular system, cause
tPain
Can be tested without the Diseases 90:683, 1964:
advantage
Great Horkesley,
London, S.W.20
the : patient to have a heart attack, observe the
direct use Killing of Drugs: One developed the
diploid cells is their freedom from contamination by
Colchester, Essex.
results and automatically relate the simulation to laboratories animals. of Ciba, Ltd., method, U.S.A. (Helv. Physiol. in
undesirable cultures viruses, naturally fact" he present said, c6 in had many such
real EKC [electrocardiogram] data in memory
Acta 23:156, 1965), is to study the effect of on
animal cells been available n the earlier period, it is
storage.
the contraction of isolated guinea pig gut fdrver tissue
problematical whether monkey-kidney cells would