Norbert Elas leders
The anl Brlish Jouval 4 Seciolagy vol.VIl Ne.3
given tv Maurc LNwsent
Maurice
NoR Beet
litters FRore
Dotasfad
uto SO S
MORSCET ellng
letes +
The Bitish Apumal
Sociglenlorvines
Griai to Hawnaty
Uhortat


59, St. Peters Rd
Leicester
5th September 1959
My dear Maurice,
I shall be for a bout a weak in
Stresa i- e- till the 15th September to attend a Sociology
Congress there where I have to read a paper. I shall
stay at Hotel Speranza. And ifyou and Annette are anywhere
near there 9 it would be nice if I could seeryou. I have not-
seen you for some time,- not since you were in LondonI have
no idea whether you are still living in Italy or whether
this letter will reach you. If it does,do get in touch with
me in any case. I should like to know how you are
I ymself have been rather busy which is
I am afraid an understatement. I don' t think I have worked
as much ever before in my life, you know, teaching and
in the interstices of all the offbcial duties one ha S doing
a bit of my own work. It is all very satisfactory.- I always
liked teaching, but just a bit more than I probably should
do. Still they have made me a Reader and that is something.
I hope you both are well, for all I know you may have
been lnving in London all the time I where I, to my regret,
rarely go nowadays. And I also hope your novel is making
progress. Perhaps it is finished by now.
Let me just give you an outline a bout my very provisi
onal plans now. After the 15th or 16th I shall proba bly go
down to Naples for a day and look for a nice spot in the
neighboirhood were I can work in peace. I shall proba bly
go to Wiesbaden on my way back to talk over my still inter.
minable reparation things. Proba bly. back via Amsterdam which
as I am going with Sabena does not make any difference. Ob
perhaps I shall go via Paris. I shall be back here at the
latest at the beginning of October. Term starts at the 7th.
One way or the other let me hear from you.
Yours,
Ouht


BY AIR
MAIL
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AIR LETTERS
6 o
AEROGKAMMB
SIXTENCE-POSTAGE
Faix suivre s.v.p.
Mr.Maurice.Romdon.
102, Via Giulia
Rome.
Italy
a dE
Second fold here
AL: TORU RONANO
ROMA
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Ih LINO SPETnE% H0 thiversity 1059
e Icester
E E
England
AN AIR LETTER SHOULD NOT CONTAIN ANY
ENCLOSURE; IF IT DOES IT WILL BE SURCHARGED
OR SENT BY ORDINARY MAIL.


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
SENIOR
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UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
TAMEANT
LEICESTER
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SENIOR
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UNIVERSITY ROAD
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: - n - ust LA
Dr.H.tra Lo .i osicaosar
nir belieber"kifréd, i veine i1op m0iis.ejig sdusit dol FON - J.,BIN
iain IIH I.Jeay
yat nedabi
tim "dedel mob nov
negenr vielen Dank ftir "abe beiden Bucher und dea Be-
reddre
nsdennte 2balad eit Rus Jdoin
mtihungen unden BHiet von.r. von.
Ich habe sofort nach Paris geschrieben
aot
: 0.6,211 sasei mir ben nicht Anhi b8se, wenn onbatrontey nch noch einmal iges fois auf unser
doi a8: re :' iopuntodt nid dai bri
desprach in' dem Fib zuruckkomme. Ich kann es mir nicht anders er-
At - tead Totror 9 -
SASA visinisani HT
Meiiarents ich muss Dich und' wohl auch' Kartih unwlesentlich sehr ge-
yon t4t
SHn 'idoa Arfoin rodoff doit
krankt haben,sonst wire télHEibihe kleiner Outburst 9 diese komisché
i amuic fdee, ThF muestet sef Mrorn demaskieren done odsrf misi und TedA das heisst doch wohl - #
afif atagil kléin
pri unae a osir dAESio teig noin nisal
machen "una 9 wenn moglich, ebenfalls
nicht zu
t3:f yt ion 13
Ab ii
Krgern,,
veretenen. Ich muss Euch und besonders Dich gekrankt haben, und
asnatei
zwari d"denke 1ch: mir, 33 séit langem SET gods und dauernd ACAAB auf Aoised der. einen
andoru : XXInxsx JUIOR tto Stonoilg
sumngeitelahh verstarkend durch irgendetwas aktuelles, was ich - ge-
Lwie
etrfoe. taebi'3 ssrotn 201797 sautorse
3Wi8s unwissitirch Bogangene habe - auf der andern Seite.Ich konnte
T dosiemir sehfl
- sorie
csnio dim agim SA Tet NIDDA3
gut denken, dass die' dauernde, 1. sehr ins Unbertsste gehende
TIT niokranking, Pdies ich Pina woni : "-CE auch Et Martin prin4 R zugefugt Inutxs "IED habe, Beb in 33110E meiner
nEATA 15
sail 30E.1 RVIVYOITS ACp
Pérsoh"11egtEs mag 2u zaiten bearlickend und sehr unertriglich
frr
aint dal NCLDAT NX ALOLA DN
* ociconwerdeh mit binen xoxbatat Menschen, XXXXXXXXXXX00X wie, mir ke
-ied 00g000x000X80XXX retnauved anwse soaieffey inp iEl 9IW 7 touh
befreundet zu sein, XXXXXXXXXXXX und es ist nur nasa
K X ErMET eti ind Iscoiten predes nentan Noladge Nei
ExpExetUriion FSAASEX Ihr in*dieser odér jener Form - ganz, aus, dem Unbewuss-
deik De 120
: sif HANETPCINROXMARNEXXXRTXXX
L : C4i069t86PRoPaudo, dageggen révoltiert: Ich glaube, dass die ambivalenten,
: + OiLOf oRIS 1101 aoitios
Empfindungen, i die ich ausi88e ,nicht besonders stark sind, aber, ass
ich sie aus18se ist mir klar und unvermeidlich: Aber es.1àtzebenso,
unvermeidlich,edass mir diese Schtbe von Feindseligkeit die mitunter
thy A
TaA
aus. * Deinem Unbewussten aufflackern, mir unangenehm 8ind. Ich.knn €
mich noch so sehr dagegen wehren, es ist mir unangenehm und es
hilft nur eines, wenn Uberhaupt etwas hilft, daxE nemlich dass man
diese Situation ,80 wie sie ist aussprciht und sich dartiber klar : *
wirdi Ich weiss, dass Du mir im: Bewusstsein ein 8o guter Freund bist,
wie ich Dir, aber ich fuhle ebenso gut diesen Untergrund von Feind--
seligkeit, Dir selbst kaum oder jedènfallé nur selten bewusst,der
mir, manchmal Unbehagen macht "und den 1ch etwas-furohte, weiler 9 wie
neulich susserhalb-Deiner Kontrolle ist:
Erachreckt aber hat_mich, und deswegen istes beson-
Aders notwendig daruber zu redén, der aktuelle : An Anlassiihres Aus
Sbruche;
adal Madchen, mit dem ich schlafe( Ich wage--kaum-c das*Wort, "-Freundin,


hy Y T *
yylomg
sn 4r W
yytA 11 Itim oraf
auszusprechen?Ich erinnre mich sehr gut, dass Du bewusst oder unbe
wusst a und ich glaube eigentlich mehr unbewusst. DeTiin Martin, uund miah
von dem Verkehr mit
Madchen
hast.Ich will hieb
-91 aib bau ToNOi nopigd Deinem.ME OID
Tatsd ferasehatten Hoa
ned;
nicht ai"s auf die dosn Grunde 410103 singehenr s0ar
jedenfalls a ais nOV 19r Meren,peganta Eri
& f klar L Bichthar
Dich zwei verschiedne Sphiren und
verschiedne
gprnour
Verkehrskreise,
103AN tus Lasnis tioon fiom Nrof aod JAUIi zvel ft
a und 1ch bin
ich war auch, in
schon, Uberzeugt, dass
59 DIODILS troig Aperrouetnd Tim B0
aol OmMONTOUis gempridse, WNT
nl LDE * CA
Du instinktiv ganz
gehandelt
beiden. Krei serd hitten
93 ree Hojldnonaay Eientis.fehe GfSTE
1HOW hast.D1o L
1UA tals
Bich sicher nicht sehr gut vertragen. plin
4. NL Ate - tafret S
Poainod onsib : JaTudJHO TorioLX Ne
at AEM Photon
Aber ich. habe auch
ea Bezie lehung
daob sasion anb bais neteineemen drobaghkets.dans, NULI
Deine
F Ingartins sich erst
bessert hat," nachdem Td Deine
Beziehung
UE troin mI9aEA ailsintede antecpoldend.epy no
IITOW FI1l
zu diesem Madchen. aufgehort hat.
kann das
unsre
Dou redar Jinnie io arebnoase Agh 1131 elgich.nightrgon
Beziehunge Bagen. Wir haben manches
Heirats
- Gonie Tob tus
bAU
JIe0
hAben,gelbssdie
brousb
sognat
dayonnsi "Arehabe
moglichkeit oft genug *XXX*** durchgesprochen,
dos estz 201f fOu10 DaWTebnayT HOIMA
Re.bato@h-unerer
epreshen.nnd
Beziehung gewiss nichts gelindert.Bollte
unsrer GEnf wial Beziehung etwagd
Staabs doI. ot feu nobag 1ob 1s83 60B0 Solite,es anun
"ndern, wenn Du. mich mit einem. Madchen, in
ais
Kontakt,greisst 78
oni *coa OONIOUED OLD BuLD dsuerndems
gronsolitaade das der aktuellè Anlass der" Krinkung"
und
fur
odani Tallozus RISSM daus LIOW DIANS esine! I h dieaUreache à
T0a6AT. attoktiven Wunsch, mich zu, demaskieren. mich Ftd wiederi zu krinken
do Maiatroa "stice 6ru Unonoutbed gOs LS i 4En3 es
undklein zu machen, Ich weiss,es, nichty No Sa Oder Hontt
die Tatsache,
rim otw HEaSMaGeIDrs, nodoane. AAISZANSTA
dass 1ch, wie Du, und vielleicht etwas, bewusster, ikku als, AN Dur
Be bei
spirdie
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uafe & day uhal tle
daken
OA A
dunage
telative Wholo u udk sectansive Ar
wmld Sabe Coue yeadd o ta woud
hadm Hfatiely :
Whese uthede A
damape
alnut
fuff-
cquesally
uile). U
udr C
sighl
lau
Rattesroe fav sietauce (me A ce
urk eodly dansped Fasti 9 hondon)
Aiese ade whole Dows
limses
cauplekly deushihed. eu
ase,
fane tesifi Sul On strna whole
ais à saids ae
deu dessille uthou uhhe
inaginalin umld
sthemi
uctana Saida on. Haths e ust ttius
amcedaud upn a liniilad alaa, kat
hndmess Cuicluding -
aupeelies) - do udue
Lheltass enk Semain within dody las
a haluelins illutsalion of tle. hunan
- adoftatin -
Yhele has beer.
iu stlis soad which
todd
did
a Pomol deal of danage luk filled uore,


and. sthis very umall diitsick has beu
phatta the wat ulin cotay has
allumed
which.
cutaily
Jeatuses
iuuk beof
uuteseir tr yaaud youd fallas
Toeual
tave
ustced Liaw.
pedinal diiemfnt taue tended So -
Sreesue a eull
and tlak manyof
ud ade
ly emeince YA we
ato a
Mee
seufouing lye
te seetank ?
We ale velate oup
diffadenl kindi
wk to theie
pask.
tle uatinal de daday.
Pwaw utfre. auglo- Polish Prllal
tuctra aud
uiehed.so uuch Shal ym hod I
been ittese.
Eusy uimhes wad guile
coupeterlly daiced
uk yaliuk sle
comb uymly Cane ilulo t owh with ae
Poliia dances whicl myulolice slese
satauy vesy. huuch akin to Paince
Well
A - A
tri
frinol,


wih Yon sadlye tm lre fassenl and Lupe
elal ym wild wite apain vesy Lma.
Youds ESves,
Rausice.
P.S. Fehun and aulsey ade utiel
and luilding a
Suers Safudation
Yudia .
9 ahall ay 6
uend ya cuttigs tmn Uthe Yime f
fudisl
Ty Aratles hau weuk
tous prunds, C thal nt uuek
tha ahuedly wealttiy
pasuts uend. cheis lreel seepecti
2y sefsers thiis pluduu al yais
salince,
Raudice
P.P.S. Yhese U uo chauce. of
al auy diine
9 suffas ???


UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER
SENIOR
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
VTVIHAB TAMEANTI
Telephpne LEICESTER 24211
C E
SARE Rond
LimL
din chie
nanl
yoy
tu hd
/ eus - A an
ohitee erd
X / 4 anc Sriasy
bah
fo mhi - -
pees
h a lte a
1en
sidom. bork 43
2i 1f
lop. Rird


Cin len Diff whm G khs
aylt art Ie fok fhit ju
ml rhs -
agh ade
lehd etnt 2m.
* lep
anp
sht
kery
A shiel elad
Pavel
clal
vyg
Halos ar Prran Jom
bnho C
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rud L
Fhoras
Byausch Aast
enk
rhat


59, St Peters Rd
Leicester
23rd October 1959
My dear Maurice,
work has swallowed me up as soon as I returned
to this country. And so, to my regret I was unable to keep my promise
and to write to you at once.
F I am sure Annette'and you know how much. I enjoyed
seeing you and..spending so much: time. with. you - more than you proba-
bly could afford - 9 the, lovely evenings on your balcony and the
talks. It is nice to know that although ideas may run on somewhat
different lines, that is not really what matters.
had hoped to copy out some of my
translations for Annette and you and perhaps something of my own.
But. this would only delay matters more. And I. want above all to send
you the address of the Nature cure specialists which I just got.
If you write to the Secretary, Kingston Clinic, Liberton, Edinburgh 9
as sking whether he could fix for you an appointment with Mr James
Thomson in London that according to my friend is the right procedure.
If you wish you can say that you got the address from a friend of
Prof. John Rees, 35 Beaufort Avenue, Langland, Swansea 9 Glam.
My friends in London say Ixskx they will look round
for a firstrate heart Specialist, but I have had not reply yet. Con-
sensu of opinion seems to be that the Dr whose name I gave you seems
lately rather tired and ageing. Moreover he is not a heart
speciajist. Nevertheless he knows his way about.
This I am writing just while I am coming up, so
to say, for a bit of fresh air and before I am going under again.
I have more students than I had ever before - 120 alone in my
first year course
with classes and essays this is a good deal of
work although I have of course some help from our juniors Atherwisé
together with my courses for second and third year students it would
become e quite unmanageable. And of course in between I try to do my
own writing. Still,to feal one is doing something worthwhile is quite
exhilarsding. o An'hour ago one of the young chaps in the first year
course came to me because he could not find his name on the list
for classes,- there is of course a lot of organising to be done
and all kind'of worries Bmall and great to be taken care of. This
was one of them. He was taking English and French with Sociology as
his third subjectx' this year. I asked him whether he could follow
and how he liked it. And after a bit of humming and hawing he came ou
with it that he found it most intersting. But why Sociology ? I asked
Well, he wanted to become a writer, but he added carefully that was
of course not his only reason for taking sociology. So I said there
was nothing wrong with that and I did_not mind in the least afen if
that were his main reason provided he worked hard.. That apparently
en couraged him to say that he had a cousin who was also a writer.But
he only wrote about himself and that was not his'line. So I said
tha t this was something everyone had to judge for "himself. And he
should tell me a little later what he got. out of it. Of course,he
wa s very young. But apart from our own specialists we have now
who reac d mathematics or physics or history and so onr each con- people
necting it with his other studies in one way or the other. In fact I


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*set8otode pue spueses Sui weuz OATS o *In37a810r pue pto 7Tq B 9ur4408
&ITeed ue I ATTBATdsou apeuz IOJ meuz qUeuz 07 pue suosuyor au? 6 spue Tal
anof WOIJ OAtOT Su exee 07 20810J I eunquedap Su JO usna eu7 up
fact 9 I am trying to give them an introduction to the study of
men, a humanistic course and a scientific course at the same time
ranging from *XXXI daxx
an understarding of present- day increase
of world. population and its causes (ca8000 million people at the end
of this centyry.according, to a U. N. projsction!) to a bird's eye
view of
man s social development from the old stone age.
Well, you can. see 9 it carries me away,- but if one would
not really like what one does, where would one be ?
I hope this letter is not too late to reach you in Rome e
If you come to. England let me know your whereabouta and if you are
free come here, but let me know in advance. You will probably find
Leicest er a not very interesting town. It is a busy,
not too dirtyand culturally rather humdrum town. But very the wealthy,
are nice. And I can show you the University with its view people
of the
cemetary "immortalised by the entrance passggesof Lucky Jim.
There is one point more. I found that the Monterlans
which I: had for you have got a bite dusty and tried to
other
without success. So I shall you these, - I hope you don't. get mind. copies
With all good wishes for Annette and you
Jerlit
First fold here
C 5
o 0


The BENJAMIN FRANKLIN MAGAZINE AWARDS
Administered by the University of Illinois : URBANA
161 Administration Bldg.
March 25, 1955
Magazine Personnel
Everywhere:
The University of Illinois announces with pleasure that the
dinner for the presentation of the second annual
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN MAGAZINE AWARDS
will. be held in the Presidential Room of the Statler Hotel,
Washington, D. C., on May 11, at 7:00 p.m. The price will be $8
per plate,i including-gratuities..
Invitations will be mailed on April 22 with reservation cards
enclosed. Return envelopes will be addressed to the Benjamin
Franklin Magazine Awards Dinner, but in care of the National Education
Association at Washington. The Public Relations office of that
organization will mail tickets immediately upon receipt of orders,
designating table assignments.
The presentation ceremony was moved to Washington this year in
order that we might cooperate in the nationally important conference
of Magazine Editors and Educators. Our dinner will be the concluding
event of that affair, scheduled for May 10 and 11. It is, as you
know, co-sponsored by the Magazine Publisher's Association and the
National Education Association. It is the one opportunity each year
where magazine editors and top-flight educators may sit down together
and discuss mutual problems in the field of education.
Just to refresh your memory: The University of Illinois annually
gives Benjamin Franklin Magazine Awards for outstanding work. The
seven awards to be presented May 11 are for work published during the
calendar year of 1954. They include: a gold medal and scroll to the
magazine judged as having rendered the greatest public service; a
Scroll and $1000 for the most outstanding piece of' magazine reporting;
and scrolls and $500 each to the writers of the best article which
depicts life in the United States, which interprets our foreign scene
or foreign relations, the best biography, best short s tory, and one
in a miscellaneous category for work not specifically covered by
other awards.
Please make every effort to join us at Washington. Maybe you
can time one of your business trips to coincide with the date of
May 11.
Cordially yours,
koe
Jos. F. Wright! Secretary
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN MAGAZINE AWARDS


Troisième Congrès Mondial de Sociologie
THIRD WORLD CONGRESS OF SOCIOLOGY
Amsterdam 1956
22 = 29 Août
Organisé par l' Association Internationale de Sociologie, sous les auspicesg de I'Unesco
August
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE O'F LEICESTER
SENIOR
au in8 6
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM:
VTVIHAB TAMEANT
LEICESTER
8th July 1957
Telephone 65211
My dear Haurice,
I have unfortunately mislaid your laet letter
with your new address; and all the - searching among the maun-
tains of books and papers. in my study have failed to produce it.
I shall therefore send thie letter to your old address. in
Rons and a Copy to the Falkensteinerstr, in the hope that
one or the other will reach you.
hopr
Let me say - first, pieese don't worry about my book.
It wes very good of yourbvoncto tryito heln me with it.But it
hasndot enything to do with you or me, , if' it does not come off.
And it won't Come off in Frankfort. That I can seè now very clear-
ly. And can understand its. Some time ago I had a letter from
Lr. Frenzel who is in charger, of this matter in which he made
new proposals_for alterations intended. to make. the bool moré
popular, And although I'am not in principle opposed to the 1dea,
the suggesti.ons L vere : vegue and the whole gist of the lottor
Thich incidentally was very friendly, medo. me foel thet, quite
seriously, -the House Fischer hae grave doubts whother the publiça-
tion of this bock would payi Fischor - after El1, as I wae re-
minded, is not : a, scientific publishing house.If I would make
the vaguely suggested, but farreaohing 1 Umerbeitung ", the
book might be acce table. Otherviee with regret eto'etc.
I hava full smpathy with this and.as the book is
too good 1 think for' E. half heartad eccentande I shall vrite now
that we bettor cail it E. day. I have no doubt that it will
meke its way. So neither of-us need bei sorryabout this. What
remains in. my memory, Kaurice, is your heip and your kindness;
anda very pleas sant evenine I epent at the Fischer's house
while I was in Frenkfort.
Moreover, the book-1$ again and again quoted in
Anerican publications and * as these thinge go : gratually
establishing. iteelf overthere ag a: standard Dobk ih" certain fielde.
There-is growing. interest for.it. I have had some requests for
it from there; and. bave'some-reanon to think that I shall be
able to bring it-out there.
I SEW the other day Fredarie iby chance at'sadlers Vells
where the Theater am Kurfuatendamn was playing. One of. my friends
vhon you mbt"hest Levanto is a - former sctress and got free tickets
gor all berformances. Un pertunately I vas not free when-
they
Woszek pr Der Zerbrochne
which I would
Krug
have loved
soe: we went to
ologsd
Strindberg
Treamspiel very impreésive so
far' as the-extre-ely imaginative déco a Kegnar Nehor - was
concerned,some very good acting, I am afraid the names still


mean little to me,* 80 I-forgot them; but the play 9 - the nlay
is only bearable when he lets dreams loose, but, for me,
unbearable when he is soto jeay rational. and-quite.consolous
of rhat he intends to do end - points to the morale with hie
finger: # Esist sbbade um, die Nenschen ". I don't kow" whether
you know it. Still,it was, keettainly-worth seeing : Cne-cannot
say, in a general way that aoting and procuction are better or
worse tha they. are here.:
are different and for me at least
it wàs rather stimulating.: They very.oad audience.Mixture of
German ombasey + newly established German col ony +irefugeee.-
evéning dreaees,- ostentatiously and challengengly in, shown,- -
again quite nice for a change. Rousing recoption 9 + more Ithink
than actually degerveds The Manchester Guardian remarked, not
perhape without justiofication, there weré obvioualy many Bei -
uns-in-Beriin-ist-en-besser- people". What a pity 1t is that you
ara not more ofton here. Naurice, I don'tt inow whether it 1s
the baet thing for you to aut yoursalf off 9o much from whatv 18
- soing on here, although of coûrse tha theatro am Kurff stendamm
ia probably more femiliar to you than to people
etill
there is a lot: Boing gn here that' 1s stimulating. hereay I
really oen"t say,ulih mbpodl
Frederic wafpr Borry that, we
not met for
time
Visa
sone
and
so vas I.But non , living.,as I do outside London I have to
ration my time when I am there, What can one-do. Tlooks
soigné; on the whole I think narried life doss him good.I mora-t
know whether you hoan from'him.
I hope your new flat nroves. saticfactory. It is always
exciting to buila up sonothing* now, though of course. a lot of
troubls tooa I hope you both. will enjoy it.I heard thet it- was
rather hot in Rome for a time. So 1t was here. I immenaly
onjoyed. it. Unfortunataly for the time being it seems to be
over here,. though it is atill not as. cool a3 1t was last
aummer, much bétter in. fact, though overoast. and close.
Do not forget to lot ne- know in good time when you aone to
Lendon. Write to 59, St. Petors Road, Leiçester
my private -
address where lettera reach: mo quicker.I an stini terribly busy,-
writing : this is the only tine then -I can do it with concen tra-
tion, - thcugh the vea thor ie ra ther irritating.Next session.I.
sheli have an onprnous anount of nork to do a. teaching and admi-
nistration a8 well; for my colleague goes as visiting professor.
to_Ghans.for.a. ye,rs 50 hkw,alone.in cherge.iam working now
top ti at ledst a, pa per ready befoe the beginnings of the new
sedsion." have to teach at a. Summerschonl early-in Auguat.and
mey go off 1n Se,tember if Aget fer : enough with.ny own work. I
have been skiing at Esster,near Insbruck and gD tit of mounte-
neering, though I probably don"t..daserta.enother holicay.
This 1s rather rambling. Do-let me hear from you.Ana
aon't W orry about the book Give all my good iwishos to Annette.
I hope she likes the flat. Fhere do.you.get the, furniture ?
Xours,
olun


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
COMMON SENIOR ROOM
a dAA 6 on
UNIVERSITY LEICESTER ROAD
VTVEHAB TAMEANT
Telephone 65211
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mez ili 2ihl hijhs inge
jm Waal.


SENIOR COMMON ROOM
A Ary
COLLEGE
dt RA
UNIVERSITY
- VTVEHAB
LEICESTER
TAMEANT
Telephone 65211
20 April1956
My dear Maurice,
I have looked up words and
thought a bit about them. So in addition to
what I wrote yesterday I will give gou a few
suggestiong. I feel of' a course quite unable
to say ang thing
really relevant
because I
do not kndw the book itself.Permmeter in Ger-
man is 7 in the first instance, an instrument
for measuring the
scope of one' S field of
vision. But in German it is quite possible
to use a word in a
sense which is not strict-
ly that which can be found in dictionaries.
Perimeter West
sounds. quite
to me. There
are some vague memories such
Remarque:
gas
Nichts Neues im Westen It or something of this
kind. "Und neues Leben 11 is perhaps more stri-
king and significant, But gou can judge for
yourself. I thought I might give you a few
more
words: I Wache West ntt Ringwall West"
3 Bastion, Postenkette, Redoute, Schanze, Grenz-
linie, Bollwerk, Palisade etc. etc..
Aubrez' S German publisher is the Frankfurter
Verlags- Anstalt.
I am wfiting this at a friend' S place in
a hurry 'SO that
you might get it before you
leave London. Hence I cannot send you at the
moment the verse.Shall I send it
to Frankforti
I have lpoked again at 11 Of Sin and Winter".I
do not tthink you were
right in saying that
in five years time
I shall no 1 nger be inz
fluenced by the fact that I know the author.My
feelings are rather conservative.
It was good seeing you againo
Ycars ever
cluhh


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
SENIOR
à On
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
A BA
LEICESTER
VTVEHAB
TAMEANT
16th August 1956
Telephone 65211
My dear Maurice,
I am just on the
of leaving for Amstderdam to attend point a
big Congress of Sociology( with
from
litterally all over the world) neople
to let you know how to get in touch and I wont
just in case. we are somewhere near with
each other either
Swiveerland or in
Germany
or wherever it is. It would
nice to see you again.
I am sorry I did not write t
earlier. I was terribly rushed
a paper, have just managed to with finishing
the pr oofs and to collect en get through
ideas) for the
ough stuff( and
Basay on Laughter with which
hope to get on when I
I have written return.. -sometime
following
your adviee,t to Dr.
ago,
him the
name of a Dutch
Hirsch gving
rence; and got back a rather professor stiff as refe-
saying that they had
letter
in Germany whom
already someone else
achten Il and that they had asked for a"Gut- 1
they woula give me their
cision in good time. This not from Hirsch de-
himself 9 but on his instruction.Not
that he was Dr. Hirsch
I had written knowing
Herr Hirsch.That of
ter in Germany. I hope course he did is a grave mat-
amiss. But the
not take it
reply was directed
pointedly to I Herrn Elias # on the rather
tion of"br. Hirsch I1 ( which
instruc-
you, but don't aggravate the might amuse
talking about it.It may have situation by
his subordinate 8 feeling
simply been
of things)
for
the rightness


started,
Ihave just
Perimeter West
which I shall take with me on my Journey
to-morrow. Tnank.you very much for sending
me a copy. I am extremely impressed by
what I haye read so far. I simply like
the style: the fast clear rhythm of the
sentences! straightforward to the point.
and the vision comes out clear like a
sculpture and
alire whether it is the mood
of the people after the bombardment or the
relationship between Gerda and Tom.What I
am not clear about so far, is the construc-
tion of the plot or rather the sudden inter-
ruption of one plot by the other. But I have
not got far enough to judge. I have looked
for reviews in the napers, but, so far, have
not seen any.It is of course quite differentfro
9 in fact very much more serious than, what is
fashionable just now in this country.Thig of
counge is
your difficulty.There are no"Lucky
Jimss in your book.There is alot more to be said
but'no time.
Do let me know what your plans are and whe
they are going to take you. My plans are not
fixed.We had a most miserable summer here; and
I am going out in search of the sun. I am going
to stay in Amsterdam till 26th August My address
is: Centraal Hotel -
Leide Bosje, Amsterdam C.
What I shall do afterwards is probably to go
via Frankfort- Basle.to Vienna where I may stay
with friends for a few days' and then via the
Dol omites to Venice and
back 9 one way or the
ot her, via Paris.But I may also go to Specia
where a. friend of mine intends to bask in the
sun, if there is any.If you are anywhere in
that neighbourhood( big neighbourhood) and not
too occupied one way or the other ( as you pro-
bably are) send me a note to Amsterdam.Letters
to my address here in Leicester( private address
59, St. Peters Road) will be forwarded, but
rather irregularly as I dont always .kn OW - where
I am going to stay.
Yours,
dont


6, Pembridge Villas,
London, W. 11.
July 6th, 1955
v dear Maurice,
Thank you very much for your letter. I have been
thinking about our evening with Maria Becker ever since
I left you and the strange thi ng is - or is it strange?
that I really to the full share) Maria's feelings. I too
have in me a horror of Germany, I too have in me a deep
gratitude for the existence of England but so much did I
feel in the presence of close friends that not fearing
misunderstandings I allowed myself tosay the things I did
say. I was very agitated; :si much 80 that afterwards in
Stuttgart the wwy next day I wrote an epigram ( and writing
is very rare with me) which I wanted to send to Maria Becker
but did not send as.yet. You will see from it how close our
thoughts were and are. I still want to write to her but
I dia not know whether I shall be able to. At any rate you
might show her this letter
.As soon as I had left Switzerland the darkness descended.
Truly Switzerkand is a country of light compared with Germania
where the War lurks on every inch of the ground,where the
Ertinyes stem to stride and where that tremendous energy of
atirs
fideenea tgain dedicated to nothing but itself. No! as I
Ex*xthraugaxtkexperfarmangExEMAKEEXBE Iphigenie,tothat majestic
evoca tion of nobility, the disinherited state of all our
modern péoples burdened me and *KE my outcry was jmat an
exercise of the freedom in which I most believe, the freedom
to cry out against the evil in your own wprld, the love of
your own workd expressed in a wish 66r its purifwcation.
And though it is true that as a foreigner I should be Mlbesta
reticent, I am a man too and I was not amongst evil people.
whose evil thoughts I might have pleased!


Yes Stuttgart was nightmarish but my homecoming was
heavenly. Daphne had changed my flat out of recognition. In-
stead of dust and ashes I found a'.place - and a W oman I streaming
with light and loveliness. On Sunday night we Mend Guido Cantelli
conduct Beethoven's 5th Symphony at the Festival Hall, and I
heard that Symphony for the first time. Wwt Going to the Hall : and
seeing the London' crowds again, after all that upheaval of four
weeks in Switzeràadd and di Italy and Germany Isaid to Daphnes"this
is a cpuntry of human faces, and so it is. Hope has not died in
this country and though indeed disinherited the waiting heirs
exist!!
Riemy hep
Amongst the letters wakoal for me wona-was one from
Ilona who is now back in_Canada. She tells me that Karl had been
encouraged to apply 1or the .post. of%isitng Professor in ?7' at
Manchester, that they had built all their plans for a return to
Europe on this bit/he has now b'een rejected on the grounds of new
age limit rulings. MAMANK they have been rather shattered by thas-
Ilona adds resignedly "There'll. always be an England" BMA in a
postsciprt she says: "Isaw Maurice Rowdon's book advértised some
time ago = if you have it, could you send it to me?" I think she
must mean "Of Sins and Winter" Shall I order a copy for her here
or can you have one sent out by the publisheres? Her address is
I.P/R.R. 3, Pickering, Ontario, Canada. -My friend Helmut Gunther
in Stuttgart is engaged on a
War Books from a serious and
studyeiele
interesting point of view. He has pubiished quite a lot ghounthis
subject a5 I wnwe-impressed on him the importance of your book
which before tearlong will be in the hands of the German public too-
I think it feasible I it has happened before - thatan important
vill
English book reachee the British. isles via its German reputation!
I hopephe shall now always keep in touch and/I -hut shall learn about
thje Ge:n man publication in good time - (Annette in whom I have the
utmost confidence will see to. it!) and May I remind you wa-that


you wanted to send me. your essay. on Berchtesgaden I I am deeply
interested. Also please tell me once more whichnimber of The
European had your st ory in it (was'it April 1954) so that I can
order teo copies.
July 7th, 1955.
I kept àn ringing your parants but so far have. n'ot succeeded in
getting through. Perhaps they are on a holiday? I dont like holding
up this letter any longer but of coursé I shall/ob-night
again
and shall find out.
Give my love to Annette please. Very many thanks for
everything, I hope you have found a place. 1 where you can breathe
and work quietly, -
Cheero
Fridne


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
SENIOR
Bu B
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
VTVEHAB TAMPANT
LEICESTER
11th December 1956
Telephone 65211
My dear Maurice,
the term is over and I am just coming up for a
little air. I must write to you before I go under again, first
to thank you for your note, secondlyto tell you briefly what
ha ppened when I visited Frankfort and saw Annette S parents ( in
case you haven t heard ) and thirdly to tell you ( what I should
have told you before ) how immensely I enjoyed staying with you and
Annette at Ronchi, talking with you peacefully - at the beach and
the evenings, and playing with the-dog and the journey to Levan-
-to., This together,with the days at Levanto has greatly. helped me
to get without undue strain through an over- full term. This WBS
only my second 11 holiday without work Il since the war( and. probably
before the war). I came home greatly refreshed. There is more and
more work to'do here, teaching and working out a. new degree and
fighting for something sensible even though a - bit new against a good
deal of moral cowardice; for the new Elizabetheans ,mostly, have
lost any sense of adventure, no'risks, or if adventures , so
clumsily and stupidly done that it beggars description;but I dont
want -to talk about Suez either. You can t imagine wha t it was like
here. For two days, the Common Room - Bedlam,- people leaving each
others tables or no longer on speaking terms.
And with all that I had to sit down in the evening when
.the day's work was done, night after night jotting down notes
and making a draft 'for ( of all things ) my' "Essay on Laughter I1 9
because I must finish it at Easter or at the latest in the Summer
to get my mind free for something else which needs doing. And pf
course the Essay is a kind of relaxation. More over, I had to give
a talk on the same subject ( wisely choosen, for that reason) to
the Haldane Society - here which is the University's internal society
formed by my dear colleagues where they gauge each other S mettle
- wisely choosen' 9 for that pressure helped to advance my work on
the Essay a good deal. And it went very well. After the, all too
concentrated and abstract thing on Detachment and Involvement, this
is'nice and easy and fascinating' ( as the chairman said), and
so I feel re- assured and go on with the good Work though I have
no idea to whom I shall offer it for publication when it is fi-
nished.
I should of course have written immediately I left Frankfort
where I went directly from Levanto as you advised me to do.


- rang up Dr. Berman who seemed rather cautious and made an appoint-
ment at the office for the next aftern oon. I used the morning to
pay a visit to the Buch- Messe, went from one stand to the other 9
wanted to see the exhibition of S. Fischer Verlag, could n ot find
it,asked afthtenquiries desk and arrived 9 walking leisurely from stand
tostand ,! at that of S. Fischer recisely at the moment at which
a. (toame of course unknown ) gentleman asked audibly: Und was ma-
chen wir also mit dem Mann wenn er heut nachmittag kommt ? Was
sollen wir ihm uber das Buch sagen ? Il Followed discussion about
proposals for my book, not always flattering.Perhaps I stood there
too long; perhaps I was rather more syburned than the usual run of
visitors; after a while eyes seemed tg turn towards me;and I took
flight. The same afternoon, we had some kind of negotiations, explo-
ring possibilities.I thought one could produce my book in the same
way as Pirenne's, and sur-risingly en ough, both volumes together
with a few ommissions *EW*Rx.would.. make one vohime of. the same
szize as Pirenne à History: of Europe. which I gather sells well.
Dr Berman wanted the title changed. Iwas a bit adamant, but wrote
*I later suggest ing that. I wouldinot mind a change of title provided
the word civiligation: did: somehow. appear ( to mark the continuity)
and asking for a decision before the return to Amerika of Annetee s
parents.I had a most enjoyable évening two days later at Falken-
steinerstr.met Annette S sisters and 'her mother, talked a : bit
shôn and non- shop (I had seen the day before'a very interesting
performance of Miller s,View from the Bridge 'at the II Kleine(?) Theater
Left at lop.m. and had afterwards a long: conversation with Dr. Ivo
Frenzel who, I understand, is so to. say in charge of the Rux" prot
ject Elia s"
I think we understood each bther very well.Even
though( in theory) a mora_gcientific publishing house might per-
haps bé more interested, I personelly would like to see, for many
reasons, the book piblished by Fischer. For one thing,I prefer to
havevit brought with il'ustration pefore a wider public.That is
how we parted.Since then Ihave written orjce briefly adding to
what I had already said and asking for a decision one way or the
other before Dr:Berman s -return to the States. That was on
the lst of 6ctober. Alas, since then I have heard 'no more.And of
course I had-too much.to do to bother. So much about myself.
I of course thoight you would hear of all that when you
went to Frankfort, But there was S probably so much else.I am- glad
Ringwall had good reviews.I regard Juenger as one of the most gifted
writers. His standing in Germany, so far as I know,is high.I can
quite understand that you might be a bit put off by a slightly
mannered style.Buttha German language is less firm in its SERNEEXKE
texture; the writer is more easily derailed; a slightly ponderous
individual rhythmy and music ( also to be found in Thomas Mann ) is
***X******X* one of the wa'ys in which the German writer tries to
protect himself against the dangers of a language which is on the
one hand a wonderully malleable material, on the other hand con-
stanatly. in danger of degenerating, of going to pieces. A comparison
with Junger is certainly a serious compliment.Lorenz mentioned
in your letter is far more than a kind. of ZOO worker in Vienna. He
is( together with Tinbergen now in Oxford) the pioneering leader of
a modern branch of biology, the comparative study of behaviour, one
of the most fruitful branches of compemporary bic ology. L. is a highly
gifted man,magnificent as an observer of details as well as a theorist


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
SENIOR
pu tt
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
VTVEHAB TAMEANT
LEICESTER
Telephone 65211
some of the main theoretical innovations of thes school are due
to him.At the same time he is in both respects as obsgerver and
theorist. not always trustworthy and reliable(nor as some people
maintain, as a
person, but about that I don't kn OW anything fer-
sonally; what I do know is that some of my acquaintances who know
him rather dislike him, but that need not influence either you O r
nyse'f, except perha ps as a caution ). I have tried to get you
the other of his more general books,could not get it so far, but
shall try again when I am in London.
I very much hope to see you soon here in Elngland.Do
let me know in good time ( if you can ) when you are likely to be
in London. During the term there is such a mad rush; but Ican always
arrange to come to London or perhaps you can comeh ere?Except in
the week following the 2oth January when I have to pregare and tp
give a lecture in Cambridge.
Yours, as ever
Amh
I shall send you separately a re-print of the bit on II Involvement
and Detachment "; it had to be condensed to.about half its original
lenght and so is hardly readable,but there are a few nice bits in
it which you might like.
Wha t about the
- your play I in Berlin ? How did it go ?
Did you see it play
One thing I meant to say - although you have probably seen it for
yourself that Ringwall West was displayed in the window of nearly
every Frankfort bookshop while I was there. I only had a brief
look at the German translation. It reads very well as far as I
could see.


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LEICESTER
Lo Du a Ddy Bu
SENIOR
VTVIHAB +
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
TAMEANT
LEICESTER
3oth Varch 1957
Telephone 6521I
By dear Eaurice,
I had Some hope to nass through - Frankfort during
the Easter holidays and perhaps to see you there; but as things
have turned out I can't make it with the limited time Ihave.
Thank you very much' for your letter with Hork-
heimer's adoress. I have written to him; he is in the States just
now. But as my Court action against the University Frankfort is
hanging fire in any case, it does not matter. It S a sad business
eltogetherThexx action arags on now for more than 3 years.Because
of a small formality the Kinister refuses so far c.ompens sation. I
would not mind really if the su perannuetion which I can expect
from my job here vere not so pityfully small.So naturally I
wont to get a CC ompensation which includes pension rights from
: Germany if I nossebly can..
Still, all that is neither here nor there. I suppose
you have. been in Berlin in the meantime. Was it about the
You did not tell me very much about the play;but I am delighted nlay to
hear that it might be played first in Hamburg at the Thalia Thea-
ter. Do let me know in any case when it
comes on the stage.If
it is not just in term time I.should like to come over and see it.
I did see the Diary of Anne Frank here. Itvais a rather strange ex-
perience .The girl was acted very well; boy and her parents
rather mediocre, but. I am not: sure whether + the father for exampl e
can be more than the nearly ideal and beloved father of the
diary.Of the minor parts only the fat Jew who eats too much and
his wife came to life. But however that may be, I can't really
judge the nlay as a nlay. It.affected me too much. And I
have not sorted it out in my own mind how it is that one still can t
judge. the m,l ke believe World on the stage too well if one is
much involved parsonally in what goes on XXXXX*X***XE there,if too it
blends too much with sentiments one has tried invein to forget.
It certainly cannot .be wortless as a makpiece of stage
it can affect one so.strongly. Yet I cannot feel that it craft is
a very good play. I would not bike to see it again. Vhile on the
other hend"Phédre Il 9 - Racine's Phédre - which I have just
with Mlle Feuilière in the title role has not only moved me seen deeply
though it does not seem to have. any connections with my personal
life, but I could see it again and again;- it moves me
although I
deeply,
seem. to be more detached.While I am quite clear about
the problems of involvement and detachment with regard to knowledge,
thinking, scientific and non- scientific, I am not
about the problems of involvement and detachment with quite regard clear to


ant.Can it be. that the difference in,one's,reception of 11 Anne
Frank." 11 ant.or"Phéare II. - if L can - make a com parison' whichis
of course unfair to the former - lies in the fact tha t one S
involvement, in the first case is something of which one is quite
conscious; and that the sorings of feeling evoked by plays like
Phédre or/: say > Hamlet are more deeply buried in us and un-
conscious ? And that the craftemanship needed, in order. to appeal
to the buried, the primeval dreams of men over the generatnons
is of a different kind , is, perhaps, of a higher ader than that
required fxx if *REXXADXEX it is used to appeal to the short term
pessions of a period ? I cannot judge whether"Anne Frank" "does more
than that. Will people still be noved by it who have not_gone
through all that direct*y or indirectly ? I really don't know.
But I must not ramble on. I am. just on the point of going
to Insbnnck and than either t,o the Dolomits or , if tnat is too
expensive into the etzthal. I had a very exhausting term and
shall need all my resources next session for mycolleague goes
for a year as visiting Y ofessor to Ghana and I shall be in charger
of it alone with some outside heln of course and a new youne assis-
stant lecturer.I need moun-tain air-.Leicester has a' particularly
damp climate vhich does not entirely agree with me - and want
to do a bit of skiing if it is not too late or valking,-snow and lots
of sunshine would be ideal if it is to be had.
About the book. Don't dor very much about it, Maurice. It
is very good of you to try. I need not tell you how good it is to
know that you care for it.But-if the Fischer S don t do anything
on their own initiative, IV would not wish' to. press it.. Mor:over, I
had just a request from an Am-rican publsshing house to send them
copies; they are interested in an American edition. But of course
nothing may come of it; nor need an A rerican edition preclude
another German edition.But I have the feeling things are moving.
Toynbee who tranglated some nassges from my second volume for
his 9th volume has left one of them again in his shortened
Version.A fascinating little Pelican on Group psycho-therapy
which has just come out also alludes to it . So did Harold Nicol-
son in his Good Behaviour and thers more.It will come out; at
the moment I am ra ther confident,but cannot think of anything
but of. sunshine and-mountain air.
- I hope the translation of the play is making good progress.
If Schoor has stranslated Christopher Fry , he should be good.My
thing on laughttr is languishing at the moment.But I will certainly
let you know. Heineman would be very good. Would one have to
ge't in touchi with them-if it is finishéd or can one anproach them
if it is half finished so as to know what size they think a ppro pri-
ate ? Let me know about your movements. I should not like to
miss you should you come t, Enrland. I was so glad to
hear about Annette.I think fitola you about the friend of mine,
now nrofessor of politics in Swansee -who was worse I think than
Annette ever was( heart and blood pressure)-and who is now
- after steady treatment on very similar lines I perfectly fitk.
Let me,hear from you !
Yours, ever
dnt
"Anne Frank"has now come off the program


UNIVERSITY COLLEGE O.F LEICESTER
SENIOR
au f
UNIVERSITY ROAD
COMMON ROOM
VTVEHAB TAMRANT
LEICESTER
8th July 1957
Telephone 65211
My dear Maurice,
I have unfortunately mislaid your last letter
with: your new address; and all the - searching among the meun-
tains of books and papers in my study have failed to.produce it.
I shall therefore send this letter to your old address in
Rome and a .Copy to the Falkensteinerstr,. in the hope that
one or the other will reach you.
Let me say first, please don't worry about my book.
It was very good of
ebensto.Srg.".to
with
help me
it.But it
hasue anything to do with 'you or me , if it does not come off.
And it won t come off in Frankfort. That I can see now very clear-
ly. And can understand it. Some time ago I had a letter from
Dr. Frenzel who isin charger of this matter in which he made
new proposals for alterations intended to make the book more
popular. And. although Iam not in principle opposed to the idea,
the suggestions were so vague and the whole gist: of the letter
which incidentally was very friendly, made. me feel that, quite
seriously, the House Fisçher has grave doubts whether the publica-
tion. of this book would pay. Fischer after all, as I was re-
minded, is not a scientific publishing house.If I would make
the vaguely suggested, but farreaching 11 Umarbeitung ", the
book might be acce table. Otherwise with regret etc etc.,
Ihave full sympathy with this and.as the book is
too good I think for a half hearted accentance I shall write n OW
that we better call it a day. I. have no doubt that it will
make its way. So neither of us need be sorry about.this. What
remains in.my memory, Maurice, is; your help and your kindness; .
and a very pleagant evening I-sgent at the Fischer's house
while I was in Frankfort.
Moreover, the book is again and again quoted in
American publications and
as these things go" , gra dually
establishing itself over there as a standard book in certain fields.
There is growing interest for it. I have had some requests for
it from there; and I have some reason to think that I shall be
able to bring it out there.
I saw the other day Frederic by chance at Sadlers Wells
where the
Theater am Kurfustendamm was playing. One of my friends
whom you met at Levanto is a former actress and got free tickets
gor all berformances. Un partunately I was not free when they
Wozzek or, II Der Zerbrochne
II which I would have loved to played see,
we went
Krug
soe
to Strindberg S Traamspiel very impressive so
far as the extréely imaginative décor - Kaspar Nëher - was
concerned,some very good acting; - I am afraid the- nàmès still


mean little to me,- so I forgot them; but the play 9 - the lay
is only bearable when he lets
dreams loose, but, for me,
unbearable when he is so to say rational and quite conscious
of what he intends to do.and points to the morale with his
finger: Il Es ist schade um die Menschen # I don't kn OW whether
you know it. Still,it wa S certainly worth seeing e One cannot
say, in a general way that acting and production are better or
worse thai they are here. They are different and for me at least
it was rather stimulating. A very odd audience.Mixture of
German embassy + newly established German colony + refugees.-
evening dresses,- ostentatiously and challengengly shown,-
again quite nice for a change. Rousing reception - - more I think
than actually deserved. The Manchester Guardian remarked,
without
not
perhaps
justicfication, there were obviously many Bei -
: uns-in-Berlin-ist-es-besser- people". What a pityit is that you
are not more often here. Maurice, I donat know whether it is
the best thing for you to cut yourself off so much from whatv is
going on here, although of coûrse the theatre am Kurff stendamm
is probably more, familiar to you than to people here, still
there is a lot going, on here that t is stimulating. SPUS, I
really' can't say,bhhhi php
Frederic was. Sorry that we
met for some time and
Fiainor
so was I.But now , living as I'dooutside London I have to
ration.my time when I am there. What can one do. Blooks
soigné; on the whole I think married:life does him good.I more-t
know whether you hear from him.
I hope your new flat proves satisfactory. It is always
exciting to build Up something new, though of course a lot of
trouble too. I hope you both will enjoy it.I heard that it was
rather hot in Rome for a time. So it was here. I immensly
enjoyed.it. Unfortunately for the time being it seems to be
over here,. though it is still not as cool as it was last
summer, much better in' fact, though overcast and close.
Do not forget to let me.know in good time when you come to
London. Write to 59, St. Peters Road, Leicester
my private
address where letters reach me quicker.I am stili terribly busy,-
writing ; this is the only time when I can do it with con centra-
.tion, - though the weather is rather irritating.Next session I
shali have an enormous amount' of work to do - teaching and admi-
nistration as well; for my colleague goes as visiting pr ofessor
to Ghana for a ye,r, so I am alone in charge.I am working n OW
to g-t at least a paper ready befo e the beginning of the new
session..I have to teach at a Summerschool early in August and
may go off in Se, tember if I get far enc ough with. my own work. I
have been skiing at Easter' near Insbruck and gE bit of mounte-
neering, though I probably don't deserve another holiday.
This is rather rambling. Do let me hear from you.And
don't worry about the book. Give all my good wishes to Annette.
I hope she likes the flat. Where do you get the furniture ?
Yours,
donti
Let me know what . you do during the summer.: If I get away from
here, I may' go via Însbruck or. Ziyrich to Venice which I still
have not seen and perha ps further south. Keep me au couranti


cannice
Vol. VII. No. 3
September 1956
The
BRITISH
JOURNAL
CONTENTS
THE MORTON COMMISSION : A SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL COMMENTARY
0. R. MCGREGOR
INDIANS IN EAST.AFRICA : A: STUDY IN Al PLURAL SOCIETY
*STEPHEN MORRIS-
SNOBBERY
ERNEST VAN DEN. HAAG
ISLAM AND THE ORIENTALISTS: SOME RECENT DISCUSSIONS
ELIE KEDOURIE
PROBLEMS OFINVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
NORBERT ELIAS
ADMINISTRATION: AND SOCIOLOGY IN DUTCH INDONESIA
H. Th. CHABOT
BOOK REVIEWS
NOS
Managing Editor: D: G. MACRAE
Editorial Board: M. GINSBERG, D. V. GLASS, T. H. MARSHALL,
I.: SCHAPERA and R. TITMUSS
Annual Subscription. 30s. post free, payable in advance. Single copies 10s. net


Published by
W.Heffer &Sons, Ltd., Cambridge, for
THE EAST AFRICAN- INSTITUTE OF
SOCIAL RESEARCH
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBAL CHANGE.
A Study of Immigrant Labour in Buganda.
Edited by Audrey I. Richards
i6 Dr. Richards and - her: colleagues are to be congratulated.on producing
so detailed 'and. authoritative a study: ofone. of Buganda's most
difficult. problems."-The Economist
BWAMBA. A Structural-Functional Analysis of-a Patri-
lineal Society.
by E. H. Winter
ALUR SOCIETY. A Study -of Processes. and Types of
Domination.
by A. W. Southall
BANTU BUREAUCRACY. A Study of Conflict and
Integration in the-Political Institutions of an East African-
People.
by, L.. A: Fallers
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Studies No. 2:


ELIE KEDOURIE
But this analysis does not withstand a closer scrutiny. The rulers of the
Middle East to-day have been, whether in Persia or the Ottoman Empire or
Egypt, members--humble ones, itis true -of the political and military institu-
tions which the e middle classes >) are supposed to have captured. These men,
imbued with nationalism and a radical contempt for traditions, were only
able to capture the state and effect the momentous transformation which we
now see, not because they were of the middle class, but because they belonged
to the political and military institutions, and were able to use these institutions
as levers for their disaffection. But it is not on a tone of criticism that one.
would wish to end. That Grunebaum's book raises SO many fundamental
questions, and wakens SO many echoes and ripples in the mind, is a measure
of its many excellences.
NOTES
I. G. E. von Grunebaum, Islam, Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural
Tyadition, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2IS.
2. Medieval Islam, Chicago, 1946.
3. D. B. Macdonald, Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitu-
tional Theory, New York, 1903, p. 128.
4. D. S. Margoliouth, Mohammedanism, Home University Library, 19II, p. 92.
The cool and astringent qualities of this book ought to ensure it against oblivion.
5. L. Gardet, La Cité Musulmane, Vie Sociale et Politique, Paris, 1954, p. 25.
6. The relevant passages from al-Ghazali are extensively translated by S. G. Haim,
in her paper a Islam and the Theory of Arab Nationalism ", Die Welt des Islams, N.S.,
vol. IV, no. 2-3, 1955.
7. c The Evolution of Government in Early Islam ", Studia Islamica, vol. IV, 1955.
8. i An Interpretation of Islamic History > , Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale, vol. I, 1953.
9. Mohammedamism, An Historical Survey, Home University Library, 1949.
IO. Such a view is ably and cogently argued by Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz in his
pamphlet a Islam and Arab Nationalism >> translated by S. G. Haim in Die Welt des
Islams, N.S., vol. III, 1954. Gardet, in his book above mentioned, seems to subscribe
to such a view.
II. D. G. Hogarth, a Arabs and Turks ", printed in an appendix to my book, England
and the Middle East, 1956.
12. To quote his own words : ce Sur bases volontaristes et uniquement positives, on
se trouve rejoindre en fait un certain nombre de données susceptibles de fonder une
notion démocratique d'autorité. Les textes coraniques qui les formulent ne suffiraient
sans doute pas à en faire" "la dominante obligatoire de la cité souvent livrée dans le passé
à l'autocratie et à l'arbitraire des chefs. Mais si des influences nouvelles offrent à ces
données comme un dépassement d'elles-mêmes ? >> (p. 45).
13. See n. 6 above.
14. Ann K. S. Lambton, Islamic Society in Peysia, 1954.


Problems of Involvement and
Detachment
NORBERT ELIAS
Old Lady : Are you not prejudiced ?
Author : Madame, rarely will you meet a more prejudiced man nor one who tells
himself he keeps his mind more open. But cannot that be because one part
of our mind, that which we act with, becomes prejudiced through experience,
and still we keep another part completely open to observe and judge with ?
Old Lady : Sir, I do not know.
Author : Madame, neither do I and it may well be that we are talking nonsense.
Old Lady : That is an odd term and one I did not encounter in my youth.
Author : Madame, we apply the term now to describe unsoundness in abstract
conversation, or, indeed, any overmetaphysical tendency in speech.
Old Lady : I must learn to use these terms correctly.
E. Hemingway, Death in the afternoon.
NE cannot say of a man's outlook in any absolute sense that it is
detached or involved (or, if one prefers, e rational >> or : irrational )5 >
e objective ,> or ( subjective "). Only small babies, and among adults
perhaps only insane people, become involved in whatever they experience
with complete abandon-to their feelings here and now; ; and again only the
insane can remain totally unmoved by what goes on around them. Normally
adult behaviour lies on a scale somewhere between these two extremes. In
some groups, and in some individuals of these groups, it may come nearer
to one of them than in others ; it may shift hither and thither as social and
mental pressures rise and fall. But social life as we know it would come to
an end if standards of adult behaviour went too far in either direction. As
far .as one can see, the very existence of ordered group life depends on the
interplay in men's thoughts and actions of impulses in both directions, those
that involve and those that detach keeping each other in check. They may
clash and struggle for dominance or compromise and form alloys of many
different shades and kinds-however varied, it is the relation between the
two which sets people's course. In using these terms,' 1 one refers in short to
1It is still the- prevalent practice to speak of psychological characteristics and of social
characteristics of people not only as different, but as separable and in the last resort independent


NORBERT. ELIAS
changing equilibria between sets of mental activities which in man's relations
with men, with non-human objects and with himself (whatever their other
functions may be) have the function to involve and to detach.
As 'tools of thinking, therefore, ( involvement 1> and ( detachment 35
would remain highly ineffectual if they were understood to adumbrate a sharp
division between two independent sets of phenomena. They do not refer to
two separate classes of objects ; used as universals they are, at best, marginal
concepts. In the main, what we observe are people and people's manifesta-
tions, such as patterns of speech or of thought, and of other activities, some
of which bear the stamp of higher, others of lesser detachment or involve-
ment. Itis the continuum that lies between these marginal poles that presents
the principal problem. Can one determine with greater accuracy the position
of specific attitudes or products of men within this continuum ? One might,
impressionistically, say for example that in societies like ours people tend to
be more detached in their approaches to natural than to social events. Can
one trace, at least summarily, criteria for different degrees of detachment
and involvement ? What in fact is meant, what does it imply if one says that
in societies such as ours with a relatively high degree of industrialization and
of control over non-human forces of nature, approaches to nature are on the
whole more detached than those.to society ? The degree of detachment
shown by different individuals in similar situations may differ greatly. Can
one, nevertheless, speak, in this respect, of different degrees of detachment
and involvement regardless of these individual variations ?
The way in which individual members of a group experience whatever
affects their senses, the meaning which it has for them, depends on the standard
forms of dealing with, and of thinking and speaking about, these phenomena
gradually evolved in their society. Thus, although the degree of detachment
sets of properties. And if this is the assumption underlying one's form of discourse, terms like
à involved and t detached . as they are used here, must appear as equivocal and vague.
They have been chosen in preference to other perhaps more familiar terms precisely because
they do not fall in line with linguistic usages which are based on the tacit assumption of the
ultimate independence of psychological and social properties of men. They do not suggest as
some current scientific concepts do that there are two separate sets of human functions or attri-
butes, one psychological and one social in character, which communicate with each other only
occasionally during a limited span of time with a definite beginning and a definite end by means
of those one-way connections which we call à causes-and-effects and then withdraw from each
other until a new causal connection is established again with a definite beginning and a
definite end.
Both these terms express quite clearly that changes in a person's relation with others and
psychological changes are distinct but inseparable phenomena. The same holds good of their
use as expressions referring to men's relation to e objects in general. They seem preferable
to others which like subjective > and à objective suggest a static and unbridgeable divide
between two entities e subject " and 4 object - To give a brief and all too simple example of
their meaning in this context : A philosopher once said, a If Paul speaks of Peter he tells us more
about Paul than about Peter.' " One can say, by way of comment, that in speaking of Peter
he is always telling us something about himself as well as about Peter. One would call his
approach involved as long as his own characteristics, the characteristics of the perceiver,
overshadow those of the perceived. If Paul's propositions begin to tell more about Peter than
about himself the balance begins to turn in favour of detachment.


228 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
shown in one's encounter with natural forces may vary from individual to
individual and from situation to situation, the concepts themselves which,
in societies like ours, all individuals use in thinking, speaking and acting,
like a
concepts
lightning > tree or wolf not less than electricity >
e organism ' c cause-and-effect >> or c nature ", in the sense in which they
are used to-day, represent a relatively high degree of detachment ; SO does
the socially induced experience of nature as a 1 landscape )) or as a beautiful ".
The range of individual variations in detachment, in other words, is limited
by the public standards of detachment embodied in modes of thinking and
speaking about nature and in the widely institutionalized use of natural forces
for human ends. Compared with previous ages control of emotions in experi-
encing nature, as that of nature itself, has grown. Involvement has lessened,
but it has not disappeared. Even scientific approaches to nature do not
require the extinction of other more involved and emotive forms of approach.
What distinguishes these from other less detached approaches is the manner
in which tendencies towards detachment and towards involvement balance
each other and blend.
Like other people, scientists engaged in the study of nature are, to some
extent, prompted in the pursuit of their task by personal wishes and wants ;
they are often enough influenced by specific needs of the community to which
they belong. They may wish to foster their own career. They may hope
that the results of their inquiries will be in line with theories they have enun-
ciated before or with the requirements and ideals of groups with which they
identify themselves. But these involvements, in the natural sciences, deter-
mine as a rule nothing more than the general direction of inquiries ; they are,
in most cases, counter-balanced and checked by institutionalized procedures
which compel scientists, more or less, to detach themselves, for the time
being, from the urgent issues at hand. The immediate problems, personal
or communal, induce problems of a different kind, scientific problems which
are no longer directly related to specific persons or groups. The former, more
narrowly time-bound, often serve merely as a motive force ; the latter, the
scientific problems which they may have induced, owe their form and their
meaning to the wider and less time-bound continuum of theories and observa-
tions evolved in this or that problem-area by generations of specialists.
Like other human activities scientific inquiries into nature embody sets
of values. To say that natural sciences are ce non-evaluating >> or c value-
free >> is a misuse of terms. But the sets of values, the types of evaluations
which play a part in scientific inquiries of this type differ from those which
have as their frame of reference the interests, the well-being or suffering of
oneself or of social units to which one belongs. The aim of these inquiries
is to find the inherent order of_events as it is, independently not of any, but
of any particular observer, and the importance, the relevance, the value of
what one observes is assessed in accordance with the place and function it
appears to have within this order itself.
In the exploration of nature, in short, scientists have learned that any


NORBERT ELIAS
direct encroachment upon their work by short-term interests or needs of
specific persons or groups is liable to jeopardize the usefulness which their
work may have in the end for themselves or for their own group. The problems
which they formulate and, by means of their theories, try to solve, have in
relation to personal or social problems of the day a high degree of autonomy ;
SO have the sets of values which they use ; their work is not c value-free. "
but it is, in contrast to that of many social scientists, protected by firmly
established professional standards and other institutional safeguards against
the intrusion of heteronomous evaluations.1 Here, the primary tendency of
màn to take the short route from a strongly felt need to a precept for its
satisfaction has become more or less subordinate to precepts and procedures
which require a longer route. Natural scientists seek to find ways of satisfying
human needs by means of a detour-the detour via detachment. They set
out to find solutions for problems potentially relevant for all human beings
and all human groups. The question characteristic of men's involvement :
c What does it mean for me or for us ? 1) has become subordinate to questions
like ( What is it ? )5 or ce How are these events connected with others ? ") In
this form, the level of detachment represented by the scientist's work has
become more or less institutionalized as part of a scientific tradition reproduced
by means of a highly specialized training, maintained by various forms of
social control and socially induced emotional restraints; it has become
embodied in the conceptual tools, the basic assumptions, the methods of
speaking and thinking which scientists use.
Moreover, concepts and methods of this type have spread, and are spread-
ing again and again, from the workshops of the specialists to the general
public. In most industrial societies, impersonal types of explanations of
natural events and other concepts based on the idea of a relatively autono-
mous order, of a course of events independent of any specific group of human
observers, are used by people almost as a matter of course though most of
them are probably unaware of the long struggle involved in the elaboration
and diffusion of these forms of thinking.
Yet, here too, in society at large, these more detached forms of thinking
represent only one layer in people's approaches to nature. Other more
involved and emotive forms of thinking about nature have by no means
disappeared.
1 This concept has been introduced here in preference to the distinction between scientific
procedures which are value-free and others which are not. It rather confuses the issue if
the term value ' in its application to sciences, is reserved to those 46 values which intrude
upon scientific theories and procedures, as it were, from outside. Not only has this narrow
use of the word led to the odd conclusion that it is possible to sever the connection between
the activity of a evaluating' and the values 1) which serve as its guide, it has also tended to
limit the use of terms like value or evaluating " in such a way that they seem applicable
only in cases of what is otherwise known as bias ,> or prejudice - Yet, even the aim of
finding out the relatedness of data, their inherent order or, asi itis sometimes expressed, at
approxi-
mating to the truth implies that one regards the
of this relatedness
discovery
or of the
- truth as a e value : In that sense, every scientific endeavour has moral implications.
Instead of distinguishing between two types of sciences, one of which is c value-free while the
other is not, one may find it both simpler and more apposite to distinguish in scientific pronounce-
ments between two types of evaluations, one autonomous, the other heteronomous, of which
one or the other may be dominant.


230 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
Thus in falling ill one may find one's thoughts stray again and again to
the question : c6 Who is to blame for this ? >> The childhood experience of
pain as the outcome of an attack and perhaps a certain urge to retaliate may
assert themselves even though under the pressure of an overgrown conscience
the attack may appear as deserved, SO that one may come to feel, rightly or
wrongly, one has only oneself to blame for it. And yet one may accept at
the same time the doctor's more detached dictum that this illness followed
primarily from a completely blind biological course of events and not from
anybody's intentions, not from conscious or unconscious motives of any kind.
More involved forms of thinking, in short, continue to form an integral
part of our experience of nature. But in this area of our experience they
have become increasingly overlaid and counterbalanced by others which make
higher demands on men's faculty of looking at themselves as it were from
outside and of viewing what they call ( mine >> or ours 1' as part systems of
a larger system. In their experience of nature men have been able, in course
of time, to form and to face a picture of the physical universe which is emotion-
ally far from satisfactory, which, in fact, seems to become less and less SO as
science advances, but which at the same time agrees better with the cumulative
results of systematic observations. They have learned to impose upon them-
selves greater restraint in their approaches to natural events and in exchange
for the short-term satisfactions which they had to give up they have gained
greater power to control and to manipulate natural forces for their own ends,
and with it, in this sphere, greater security and other new long-term
satisfactions.
III
Thus in their public approaches to nature, men have travelled a long way
(and have to travel it again and again as they grow up) from the primary,
the childhood patterns of thinking. The road they have travelled is still far
from clear. But one can see in broad outline some of its characteristic patterns
and mechanisms.
When men, instead of using stones as they found them against human
enemies or beasts, with greater restraint of their momentary impulses,
gradually changed towards fashioning stones in advance for their use as
weapons or tools (as we may assume they did at some time), when, increasing
their foresight, they gradually changed from gathering fruits and roots towards
growing plants deliberately for their own use, it implied that they themselves
as well as their social life and their natural surroundings, that their outlook
as well as their actions changed. The same can be said of those later stages
in which changes in men's thinking about nature became more and more the
task of scientific specialists. Throughout these developments the mastery
of men over themselves as expressed in their mental attitudes towards nature
and their mastery over natural forces by handling them, have grown together.
The level and patterns of detachment represented by public standards of


NORBERT ELIAS
thinking about natural events were in the past and still are dependent on the
level and the manner of control represented by public standards of manipulating
them and vice versa.
For a very long time, therefore, men, in their struggle with the non-human
forces of nature, must have moved in what appears in retrospect as a vicious
circle. They had little control over natural forces on which they were depend-
dent for their survival. Wholly dependent on phenomena whose course they
could neither foresee nor influence to any considerable extent, they lived in
extreme insecurity, and, being most vulnerable and insecure, they could not
help feeling strongly about every occurrence they thought might affect their
lives ; they were too deeply involved to look at natural phenomena, like
distant observers, calmly. Thus, on the one hand, they had little chance of
controlling their own strong feelings in relation to nature and of forming
more detached concepts of natural events as long as they had little control
over them ; and they had, on the other hand, little chance of extending their
control over their non-human surroundings as long as they could not gain
greater mastery over their own strong feelings in relation to them and increase
their control over themselves.
The change towards greater control over natural phenomena appears
to have followed what in our traditional language might be called the prin-
ciple of increasing facilitation " . It must have been extremely difficult for
men to gain greater control over nature as long as they had little control over
it; and the more control they gained, the easier was it for them to extend it.
Nothing in our experience suggests that part-processes of this kind must
always work in the same direction. Some of the phases in which they went
into reverse gear are known from the past. Increasing social tensions and
strife may go hand in hand with both a decrease of men's ability to control,
and an increase in the phantasy-content of men's ideas about, natural as well
as social phenomena. Whether feed-back mechanisms of this kind work in
one or in the other direction depends, in short, on the total situation of the
social units concerned.
Paradoxically enough, the steady increase in the capacity of men, both
for a more detached approach to natural forces and for controlling them, and
the gradual acceleration of this process, have helped to increase the difficulties
which men have in extending their control over processes of social change
and over their own feelings in thinking about them.
Dangers threatening men from non-human forces have been slowly
decreasing. Not the least important effect of a more detached approach in
this field has been that of limiting fears, of preventing them, that is, from
irradiating widely beyond what can be realistically assessed as a threat. The
former helplessness in the face of incomprehensible and unmanageable natural
forces has slowly given way to a feeling of confidence, the concomitant, one


232 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHME NT
might say, of increasing facilitation, of men's power to raise, in this sphere,
the general level of well-being and to enlarge the area of security through.the
application of patient and systematic research.
But the growth of men's comprehension of natural forces and of the use
made of them for human ends is associated with specific changes in human
relationships ; it goes hand in hand with the growing interdependence of
growing numbers of people. The gradual acceleration in the increment of
knowledge and use of non-human forces, bound up with specific changés in
human relations as it is, has helped, in turn, to accelerate the process of change
in the latter. The network of human activities tends to become increasingly
complex, far-flung and closely knit. More and more groups, and with them
more and more individuals, tend to become dependent on each other for their
security and the satisfaction of their needs in ways which, for the greater
part, surpass the comprehension of those involved. It is as if first thousands,
then millions, then more and more millions walked through this world their
hands and feet chained together by invisible ties. No one is in charge. No
one stands outside. Some want to go this, others that way. They fall upon
each other and, vanquishing or defeated, still remain chained to each other.
No one can regulate the movements of the whole unless a great part of them
are able to understand, to see, as it were, from outside, the whole patterns
they form together. And they are not able to visualize themselves as part
of these larger patterns because, being hemmed in and moved uncompre-
hendingly hither and thither in ways which none of them intended, they cannot:
help being preoccupied with the urgent, narrow and parochial problems which
each of them has to face. They can only look at whatever happens to them
from their narrow location within the system. They are too deeply involved
to look at themselves from without. Thus what is formed of nothing but
human beings acts upon each of them, and is experienced by many as an
alien external force not unlike the forces of nature.
The same process which has made men less dependent on the vagaries of
nature has made them more dependent on each other. The changes which,
with regard to non-human forces, have given men greater power and security,
have increasingly brought upon them different forms of insecurity. In their
relations with each other men are again and again confronted, as they were
in the past in their dealings with non-human forces, with phenomena, with
problems which, given their present approaches, are still beyond their control.
They are incessantly faced with the task of adjusting themselves to changes
which though perhaps of their own making were not intended by them. And
as these changes frequently bring in their wake unforeseen gains for some and
losses for others, they tend to go hand in hand with tensions and frictions
between groups which, at the same time, are inescapably chained to each
other. Tests of strength and the use of organized force serve often as costly
means of adjustment to changes within this tangle of interdependencies ; on
many of its levels no other means of adjustment exist.
Thus vulnerable and insecure as men are under these conditions, they


NORBERT ELIAS
cannot stand back and look at the course of events calmly like more detached
observers. Again, it is, on the other hand, difficult for men in that situation
to control more fully their own strong feelings with regard to events which,
they feel, may deeply affect their lives, and to approach them with greater
detachment, as long as their ability to control the course of events is small; ;
and it is, on the other hand, difficult for them to extend their understanding
and control of these events as long as they cannot approach them with greater
detachment and gain greater control over themselves. Thus a circular move-
ment between inner and outer controls, a feedback mechanism of a kind, is -
at work not only in men's relations with the non-human forces of nature,
but also in their relations with each other. But it operates at present in these
two spheres on very different levels. While in men's relations with non-
human forces the standard of both the control of self and that of external
events is relatively high, in relations of men with men the socially required
and socially bred standard of both is considerably lower.
The similarities between this situation and that which men had to face
in past ages in their relations with the forces of nature, are often obscured
by the more obvious differences. We'do already know that men can attain
a considerable degree of control over natural phenomena impinging upon their
lives and a fairly high degree of detachment in manipulating, and in thinking
of, them. We do not know, and we can hardly imagine, how a comparable
degree of detachment and control may be attained with regard to social
phenomena. Yet, for thousands of years it was equally impossible for those
who struggled before us to imagine that one could approach and manipulate
natural forces as we do. The comparison throws some light on their situation
as well as on ours.
It also throws some light on the differences that exist to-day between
the standards of certainty and achievement of the natural and the social
sciences. It is often implied, if it is not stated explicitly, that the ce objects ,>
of the former, by their very nature, lend themselves better than those of the
latter to an exploration by means of scientific methods ensuring a high degree
of certainty. However, there is no reason to assume that social data, that
the relations of persons are_less accessible to man's comprehension than the
relations of non-human phenomena, or that man's intellectual powers as such
are incommensurate to the task of evolving theories and methods for the
study of social data to a level of fitness, comparable to that reached in the
study of physical data. What is significantly different in these two fields is
the situation of the investigators and, as part of it, their attitudes with regard
to their objects " it is, to put it in a nutshell, the relationship between
c subjects." and c objects ". If this relationship, if situation and attitudes are
taken into account the problems and the difficulties of an equal advance in
the social sciences stand out more clearly.


234 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
The general aim of scientific pursuits is the same in both fields ; stripped
of a good many philosophical encrustations it is to find out in what way per-
ceived data are connected with each other. But social as distinct from natural
sciences are concerned with conjunctions of persons. Here, in one form or
the other, men face themselves ; 1 the (c objects "> are also c subjects ". The
task of social scientists is to explore, and to make men understand, the patterns
they form together, the nature and the changing configuration of all that
binds them to each other. The investigators themselves form part of these
patterns. They cannot help experiencing them, directly or by identification,
as immediate participants from within ; and the greater the strains and stresses
to which they or their groups are exposed, the more difficult is it for them to
perform the mental operation, underlying all scientific pursuits, of detaching
themselves. from their role as immediate participants and from the limited
vista it offers.
There is no lack of attempts in the social sciences at detaching oneself
from one's position as an involved exponent of social events, and at working
out a wider conceptual framework within which the problems of the day can
find their place and their meaning. Perhaps the most persistent effort in that
direction has been made by the great pioneering sociologists of the nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries. But their work also shows most conspicuously
the difficulties which, under present conditions, stand in the way of such an
attempt. On the one hand, they all attempted to discover, from one angle
or the other, the inherent order of the. social development of mankind, its
a laws ") as some of them called it. They tried to work out a comprehensive
and universally valid theoretical framework within which the problems of
their own age appeared as specific problems of detail and no longer as the
central problem from which those of other ages received their relevance and !
their meaning. And yet, on the other hand, they were so deeply involved in
the problems of their own society that they often viewed in fact the whole
development of men's relations with each other in the light of the hopes and
1 The problem of a facing oneself 1' is no doubt far more complex than can be shown here.
It plays its part in explorations of nature as well as in those of society. For man forms part of
both. Every major change in men's conception of nature, therefore, goes hand in hand with
a change of the picture they have of themselves. So does any change in their conception of the
social universe. Success and failure of any attempt to change from a more involved to a more
detached view of social phenomena is bound up with the capacity of men to revise the picture
they have of themselves in. accordance with the results of more methodical studies, and often
enough in a way which runs counter to deeply felt beliefs and ideals. In. that respect the problem
of increasing detachment in the social sciences is hardly different from that which plays its part
in the development of the natural sciences.
However, it must still be regarded as an open problem how far men are
of a
capable facing
themselves of seeing themselves as they are without the shining armour of fantasies shielding
them from suffering past, present and future. It is fairly safe to say that their capacity to do so
grows and declines with. the degree of security which they enjoyed and enjoy. But it probably
has its limits.
However that may be, at present such problems can be discussed only in societies which
demand and produce a high degree of individualization and in which men are being brought up
to experience themselves, more perhaps than ever before, as beings set apart from each other by
very strong walls: There can be little doubt that the picture of self which is thus built up in
the growing person makes it rather difficult to envisage- oneself in a more detached manner as
forming patterns with others and to study the nature and structure of these patterns as such.


NORBERT ELIAS
fears, the enmities and beliefs resulting from their role as immediate partici-
pants in the struggles and conflicts of their own time. These two forms of
approach-one more involved which made them see the development of
human society as a whole in the light of the pressing problems of their own
time, the other more detached which enabled them to visualize the short-term
problems of their own time in the light of the long-term development of
society-were SO inextricably interwoven in their work that, in retrospect, it
is difficult to sift one from the other and to sort out their contribution to the
development of a more universally valid system of theories about men in
society from ideas relevant only as an expression of their own ideals and
idiosyncrasies in the struggles of a particular historical period.
Since then, a good deal more factual material about social phenomena
has been brought to light. The elaboration of a more impersonal body of
theories and their adjustment to a widening range of observed facts brought
to light under their guidance, has considerably advanced in some social sciences,
and advanced in some more than in others.1 To a greater or lesser extent,
research in all human sciences still tends to oscillate between two levels of
consciousness and two forms of approach, the one more akin, one might say,
to a simple geocentric, the other more to a heliocentric approach. And the
constant upsurge of the former in connection with acute social and political
tensions effectively bars in most social sciences the steady continuity of
research which has become SO marked a characteristic of many natural sciences.
1 The evident differences in the levels of development of different social sciences have
perhaps not found quite the attention they deserve as a subject of research. Like the differences
in the development of natural and social sciences generally, they are relevant to any theory of
knowledge and of sciences.
To set out here more comprehensively the problems raised by such differences would require
an exposition of the wider theory of knowledge implied in these observations on detachment
and involvement ; it would require fuller elaboration of the general conceptual framework that
has been used here and within which, as one has seen, the development of scientific thinking,
as of thinking in general, and that of changes in the situation of those who think, instead of
being allotted to largely independent fields of studies, are linked to each other as different, but
inseparable and interdependent facets of the same process. Only with the help of such an inte-
grating framework is it possible to determine with greater precision different stages and levels
of thinking and knowing whether or not one adopts concepts like level of detachment ", level
of fitness (4 level of control and others which have been used here.
On these lines, one might say, for example, that, under present conditions, anthropologists
have a better chance of developing theories on human relations to a higher level of fitness than,
say, those engaged'in the study of highly differentiated societies to which they themselves belong
or which are antagonists or partners of societies to which they belong ; they have a better chance,
not only because it is easier to survey, and to form relatively fitting theories about, social units
which are small and not too complex in structure, but also because the investigators themselves
are, as a rule, less directly involved in the problems they study. Anthropologists, in most cases,
study societies to which they do not belong, other sociologists mostly societies of which they
are members.
But in saying this, one refers only to one facet of the relationship between the mode of
thinking and the situation of those who think. To complete the nexus one would have to add
that the more detached theoretical tools of thinking which anthropologists have a chance to
build up in accordance with their specific situation, can themselves act, within certain limits,
as a shield against the encroachment upon their scientific work, and perhaps even on their personal
outlook, of more involved, more emotive forms of thinking, even if tensions mount, between
social units to which they belong as participant members and others in relation to which they
play mainly the part of investigators.
Here, too, in comparative studies on the development of social sciences, it may be more
appropriate and more profitable to focus on the relations of observers and observed than on either
of them or on a methods >) alone.


236 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
The pressure of short-term problems which can no longer be solved in tra-
ditional ways, of social problems which appear to require for their solution
procedures evolved and employed by scientific specialists, has increased
together with the complexity of human relations itself. Fragmentation of
social research has grown apace. Even as an aim of research the idea of a
wider theoretical framework connecting and unifying the problems and results
of more limited inquiries has become more remote ; to many it appears
unattainable, to others, in addition, undesirable. For the immediate diffi-
culties of men springing up in their own midst from the unmanageable forces
of social change, from conflicts and frictions among themselves, have remained
exceedingly great. The strength of involvements, within the social context
of men's lives, if it has not actually increased, has hardly lessened.
Hence, whatever else may have changed since the days of the pioneering
sociologists, certain basic characteristics of the social sciences have not. For
the time being, social scientists are liable to be caught in a dilemma. They
/ work and live in a world in which almost everywhere groups, small and great,
including their own groups, are engaged in a struggle for position and often
enough for survival, some trying to rise and to better themselves in the teeth
of strong opposition, some who have risen before trying to hold what they
have and some going down.
Under these conditions' the members of such groups can hardly help
being deeply affected in their thinking about social events by the constant
threats arising from these tensions to their way of life or to their standards
of life and perhaps to their life. As members of such groups scientific special-
ists engaged in the study of society share with others these vicissitudes.
Their experience of themselves as upholders of a particular social and political
creed which is threatened, as representatives of a specific way of life in need
of defence, like the experience of their fellows, can hardly fail to have a strong
emotional undertone. Group-images, those, for instance, of classes or of
nations, self-justifications, the cases which groups make out for themselves,
represent, as a rule, an amalgam of realistic observations and collective fan-
tasies (which like the myths of simpler people are real enough as motive
forces of action). To sift out the former from the latter, to hold up before
these groups a mirror in which they can see themselves as they might be seen,
not by an involved critic from another contemporary group, but by an inquirer
trying to see in perspective the structure and functioning of their relationship
with each other, is not only difficult in itself for anyone whose group is involved
in such a struggle ; expressed in public, it may also weaken the cohesion
and solidarity feeling of his group and, with it, its capacity to survive. There
is, in fact, in all these groups a point beyond which none of its members can
go in his detachment without appearing and, SO far as his group is concerned,
without becoming a dangerous heretic, however consistent his ideas or his
theories may be in themselves and with observed facts, however much they
may approximate to what we call the truth >>
And yet, if social scientists although using more specialized procedures


NORBERT ELIAS
and a more technical language are in the last resort not much less affected in
their approach to the problems of society by preconceived ideas and ideals,
by passions and partisan views than the man in the street, are they really
justified in calling themselves cc scientists 15 ? Does any statement, any
hypothesis or theory deserve the epithet c scientific ", if it is ultimately based
on dogmatic beliefs, on a priori assumptions, on ideas and evaluations which
are impervious to arguments based on a more systematic and dispassionate
examination of the available evidence ? Can social scientists make any
specific contribution to the solution of major problems even of their own
groups, of their own country, class, profession or whatever it is, if they accept
as the self-evident foundation of their theories some of the religiously held
creeds and norms of one or the other of these groups SO that the results of
their studies are destined from the start to agree, or at least not to disagree,
with the basic tenets of these communal beliefs ? Without greater detach-
ment and autonomy of thinking, can they hope to put in the hands of their
fellow-men more fitting tools of thinking and more adequate blueprints for
the handling of social and political problems-more adequate blueprints than
those handed on unreflectingly from generation to generation or evolved
haphazardly in the heat of the battle ? And even if they do not accept such
beliefs unquestioningly, are they not often impelled to use them as the general
frame of reference for their studies simply by sentiments of solidarity, of
loyalty or perhaps of fear ? Are they not sometimes only too justified in
thinking that it might weaken a cause which they regard as their own if they
were to subject systematically the religiously held social creeds and ideals of
one of their own groups to a more dispassionate scientific examination, that
it might put weapons in the hand of opponents or that, as a result, they
themselves might be exposed to ostracism if to nothing worse ?
The dilemma underlying many of the present uncertainties of the sciences
of men is, as one can see, not simply a dilemma of this or that historian,
economist, political scientist or sociologist (to name only some of the present
divisions) ; it is not the perplexity of individual social scientists, but that
of social scientists as a professional group. As things stand, their social task
as scientists and the requirements of their position as members of other groups
often disagree ; and the latter are apt to prevail as long as the pressure of
group tensions and passions remains as high as it is.
The problem confronting them is not simply to discard the latter role in
favour of the former. They cannot cease to take part in, and to be affected
by, the social and political. affairs of their groups and théir time. Their own
participation and involvement, moreover, is itself one of the conditions for
comprehending the problems they try to solve as scientists. For while one
need not know, in order to understand the structure of molecules, what it
feels like to be one of its atoms, in order to understand the functioning of
human groups one needs to know, as it were, from inside how human beings
experience their own and other groups, and one cannot know without active
participation and involvement.


238 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHME) NT
The problem confronting those who study one or the other aspects of
human groups is how to keep their two roles as participant and as inquirer
clearly and consistently apart and, as a professional group, to establish in
their work the undisputed dominance of the latter.
This is SO difficult a task that many representatives of social sciences,
at present, appear to regard the determination of their inquiries by precon-
ceived and religiously held social and political ideals as inevitable. They often
seem to consider these heteronomous foundations of their pronouncements as
characteristic, not of a specific situation and, within it, of a specific dilemma,
but of their subject-matter as such. The latitude they allow each other in
their use of dogmatic ideals and evaluations as a basis for the setting of
problems, the selection of material and the construction of theories is very
wide ; and is apt to become wider still whenever the pressure of tensions and
passions mounts in society at large.
The chance which social scientists have to face and to cope with this
dilemma might be greater if it were not for another characteristic of their
situation which tends to obscure the nature of these difficulties. That is the
ascendancy gained, over the centuries, by a manner or style of thinking
which has proved highly adequate and successful in men's dealings with
physical events, but which is not always equally appropriate if used in their
dealings with others. One of the major reasons for the difficulties with which
men have to contend in their endeavour to gain more reliable knowledge about
themselves is the. uncritical and often dogmatic application of categories
and concepts highly adequate in relation to problems on the level of matter
and energy to other levels of experience and among them to that of social
phenomena. Not only specific expectations as to how perceived data are
connected with each other, specific concepts of causation or of explanation
formed in this manner are generalized and used almost as a matter of course
in inquiries about relations of men ; this mechanical diffusion of models
expresses itself, too, for example, in the widespread identification of c ration-
ality >> with the use of categories developed mainly in connection with experi-
ences of physical events, and in the assumption that the use of other forms
of thinking must necessarily indicate a leaning towards metaphysics and
irrationality.
The same tendency towards over-generalization shows itself in many
current ideas of what is and what is not scientific. By and large, theories of
science still use as their principal model the physical sciences- often not in
their contemporary, but in their classical form. Aspects of their procedures
are widely regarded as the most potent and decisive factor responsible for
their achievements and as the essential characteristic of sciences generally.
By abstracting such aspects from the actual procedures and techniques of
the physical sciences, one arrives at a general model of scientific procedure


NORBERT ELIAS
which is known as a the scientific method ". In name, it represents the dis-
tinguishing characteristics common to all scientific, as distinct from non-
scientific, forms of solving problems. In fact, it often constitutes a curious
compound of features which may be universal with others characteristic of
the physical sciences only and bound up with the specific nature of their
problems. It resembles a general concept a animal " formed without reference
to the evolutionary diversity and connections of animal species from a rather
restricted observational field SO that structures and functions common perhaps
to âll animals, as distinct from non-living things and from plants, mingle in
it with others characteristic only of certain types of animals, of, say, mammals
or of vertebrates.
The assumption is that in this generalized form cc the scientific method 5>
can be transferred from the field where it originated, from the physical sciences,
to all other fields, to biological as well as to social sciences, regardless of'the
different nature of their problems ; and that wherever it is applied it will
work its magic. Among social scientists in particular it is not uncommon to
attribute difficulties and inadequacies of their work to the fact that they do
not go far enough in copying the method of physical sciences. It is this
strong concentration of their attention on problems of method 1) which tends
to obscure from their view the difficulties that spring from their situation and
from their own approaches to the problems they study.
The superior achievement and status of the physical sciences itself con-
stitutes a highly significant factor in the situation of those who work in the
field of social sciences. If, as participants in the life of a turbulent society,
they are constantly in danger of using in their inquiries preconceived and
immovable social convictions as the basis for their problems and theories,
as scientists they are in danger of being dominated by models derived from
inquiries into physical events and stamped with the authority of the physical
sciences.
The fact itself that people confronted with the task of formulating and
exploring new sets of problems model their concepts and procedures on those
which have proved their worth in other fields is in no way surprising or unique.
It is a recurrent feature in the history of men that new crafts and skills, and
among them new scientific specialisms, in the early stages of their development,
continue to rely on older models. Some time is needed before a new group
of specialists can emancipate itself from the ruling style of thinking and of
acting ; and in the course of this process their attitude towards the older
groups, as in other processes of emancipation, is apt to oscillate : they may
go too far for a while and may go on too long in their uncritical submission
to the authority and prestige of the dominant standards ; and then again,
they may go too far in their repudiation and in their denial of the functions
which the older models had or have in the development of their own. In
most of these respects the emergence of the younger social sciences from
under the wings of the older natural sciences follows the usual pattern.
But there can have been rarely a situation in which the gradient between


240 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
the comparatively high level of detachment manifest in the older branches
of knowledge and the much lower represented by the younger branches was
equally steep. In the physical sciences, it is not only the development and
use of a specific method for the solution of problems and the testing of theories,
but the framing of problems and theories itself which presupposes a high
standard of detachment. The same method transferred to social sciences is
not infrequently used for the exploration of problems and theories conceived
and studied under the impact of strong involvements. Hence the use, in social
sciences, of a method akin to that evolved in the physical sciences often gives
to the former the appearance of a high level of detachment or of ( objectivity >
which those who use this method are in fact lacking. It often serves as a
means of circumventing difficulties which -spring from their dilemma with-
out facing it; in many cases, it creates a facade of detachment masking a
highly involved approach.
As a result, a crucial question is often regarded as sealed and solved which
in fact is still in abeyance : the question which of the procedures and techniques
of the physical sciences are commensurate to the task of social sciences and
which are not. The abstraction from these specific procedures of a general
model of the scientific method, and the claim often made for it as the supreme
characteristic of research that is scientific, have led to the neglect, or even
to the exclusion from the field of systematic research, of wide problem-areas
which do not lend themselves easily to an exploration by means of a method
for which the physical sciences have provided the prototype. In order to
be able to use methods of this kind and to prove themselves scientific in the
eyes of the world, investigators are frequently induced to ask and to answer
relatively insignificant questions and to leave unanswered others perhaps of
greater significance. They are induced to cut their problems SO as to suit
their method. The exclusive and seemingly final character of many current
statements about the scientific method finds expression in the strange idea
that problems which do not lend themselves to investigations by means of
a method modelled on that of the physical sciences are no concern of people
engaged in scientific research.
On closer investigation, one will probably find that the tendency to
consider a highly formalized picture of this one set of sciencès and their method
as the norm and ideal of scientific inquiries generally is connected with a
specific idea about the aim of sciences. It is, one might think, bound up with
the assumption that among propositions of empirical sciences, as among
those of pure mathematics and related forms of logic, the only relevant dis-
tinction to be made is that between propositions which are true and others
which are false ; and that the aim of scientific research and of its procedures
is simply and solely that of finding the ( truth "1 , of sifting true from false
statements. However, the goal towards which positive sciences are striving
is not, and by their very nature cannot be, wholly identical with that of fields
like logic and mathematics which are concerned with the inherent order of
certain tools of thinking alone. It certainly happens in empirical investiga-


NORBERT ELIAS
tions that people make statements which are simply found to be false. But
often enough rough dichotomies like ce true >> and a false '5 are highly inadequate
in their case. People engaged in empirical research often put forward proposi-
tions or theories whose merit is that they are truer than others or, to use
a less hallowed term, that they are more adequate, more consistent both with
observations and in themselves. In general terms, one might say it is char-
acteristic of these scientific as distinct from non-scientific forms of solving
problems that, in the acquisition of knowledge, questions emerge and are
solved.as a result of an uninterrupted two-way traffic between two layers of
knowledge : that of general ideas, theories or models and that of observations
and perceptions of specific events. The latter if not sufficiently informed by
the former remains unorganized and diffuse ; the former if not sufficiently
informed by the latter remains dominated by feelings and imaginings. It is
the objective of scientists, one might say, to develop a steadily expanding
body of theories or models and an equally expanding body of observations
about specific events by means of a continuous, critical confrontation to
greater and greater congruity with each other. The methods actually used
in empirical investigations, inevitably, vary a good deal, from discipline to
discipline in accordance with the different types of problems that present
themselves for solution. What they have in common, what identifies them
as scientific methods is simply that they enable scientists to test whether
their findings and pronouncements constitute a reliable advance in the direction
towards their common objective.
VII
Is it possible to determine with greater precision and cogency the limita-
- tions of methods of,scientific research modelled on those of the physical
sciences ? Can one, in particular, throw more light on the limits to the
usefulness of mathematical or, as this term is perhaps too wide in this context,
of quantifying models and techniques in empirical researches ?
At the present state of development, the weight and relevance of quanti-
fying procedures clearly differs in different problem-areas. In some, above
all in the physical sciences, one can see to-day no limit to the usefulness of
procedures which make relations of quantities stand for the non-quantitative
aspects of the relations of data ; the scope for reducing other properties
to quantities and for working out, on the basis of such a reduction, highly
adequate theoretical constructs appears to be without bounds.
In other fields of research the scope for similar reductions is clearly very
much narrower ; and theoretical constructs based on such reductions alone
often prove far less adequate. Have problem-areas which do not lend them-
selves as well as the physical sciences to the application of quantifying methods
of research certain general properties which can account for such differences
in the scope and relevance of quantifying procedures as instruments of
research ?


242 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
It is possible to think that this problem itself can be readily solved in
terms of quantities alone. As one passes from studies of matter and energy
and its various transformations to those of organisms and their development
as species and individuals and again to studies of men as societies and indi-
viduals (in not quite the same sense of the word), according to a not uncommon
view, the problems which one encounters becomes more complex ; the greater
complexity is often thought to follow from the fact that the number of inter-
acting parts, factors, variables or suchlike increase as one moves from the
study of inorganic matter to those of organisms and of men ; and as a result
of-this increase in numbers, SOo the argument seems to run, measurements
and mathematical operations generally, become more and more complicated
and difficult. If one accepts the idea that it is the aim of scientific investiga-
tions everywhere to explain the behaviour of composite units of observation
by means of measuremènts from that of their simpler constituent parts, each
of the variables affecting the behaviour of such a unit would have to be
measured by itself sO as to determine the quantitative aspects of its relations
with others. The greater the number of variables, the greater would be
the number of measurements and the more complicated would be the mathe-
matical operations necessary to determine their interplay. In the light of
this-hypothesis the demands made on the resources in manpower, in com-
puting machines, in mathematical techniques and in money and time would
progressively increase from one set of sciences to the other with the increase
in the number of factors that has to be taken into account. More and more,
these demands would.become prohibitive and research on quantitative lines
alone would no longer be possible. According to this view, it is for that
reason that one has to resign oneself to the use of less precise and less
satisfactory methods of investigation in many fields of studies.
In a way, this approach to the observable limitations of quantifying
methods in research is itself not uncharacteristic of the manner in which forms
of thinking most serviceable in the exploration of physical data become dis-
tended into what almost represents a general style of thinking. The choice
of a heap of more and more factors or variables as a model for increasing
complexity is determined by a general expectation which is evidently based
on experiences in physical research, but which tends to assume the character
of an a priori belief : by the expectation that problems of all kinds can be
satisfactorily solved in terms of quantities alone.
However, the area within which this expectation can be safely used as
a guide to the formulation of problems and theories has very definite limits.
The properties of different units of observation characteristic of different
disciplines are not alone affected by the number of interacting parts, variables,
factors or conditions, but also by the manner in which constituents of such
units are connected with each other. Perhaps the best way to indicate
briefly this aspect of these differences is the hypothetical construction of a
model of models which represent different frames of reference of scientific
problems in a highly generalized form as composite units arranged according


NORBERT ELIAS
to the extent of interdependence of their constituents or, more generally,
according to the degree of organization which they possess.
Arranged in this manner, this continuum of models would have one pole
formed by general models of units, such as congeries, agglomerations, heaps
or multitudes, whose constituents are associated with each other temporarily
in the loosest possible manner and may exist independently of each other
without changing their characteristic properties. The other pole would be
formed by general models of units such as open systems and processes which
are highly self-regulating and autonomous, which consist of a hierarchy of
interlocking part-systems and part-processes and whose constituents are
interdependent to such an extent that they cannot be isolated from their
unit without radical changes in their properties as well as in those of the
unit itself.
Between these two poles would be spaced out intermediary models 1
graded according to the degree of differentiation and integration of their
constituents.
As one moves along this continuum of models from paradigms of loosely
composed to others of highly organized units, as models of congeries step by
step give way to those of self-regulating open systems and processes with
more and more levels many of the devices developed for scientific research
into units of the first type change, or even lose, their function. In many
cases, from being the principal instruments and techniques of research, they
become, at the most, auxiliaries.
Less adequate, in that sense, becomes the concept of an independent
variable of a unit of observation which is otherwise kept invariant and, with
it, the type of observation and expérimentation based on the supposition that
what one studies is a heap of potentially independent variables and their
effects.
Less adequate, too, becomes the concept of a scientific law as the general
theoretical mould for particular connections of constituents of a larger unit.
For it is one of the tacit assumptions underlying both the conception and the
establishment of a scientific law that the phenomena of which one wishes to
state in the form of a law that the pattern of their connection is necessary
and unchanging, do not change their properties irreversibly if they are cut
off from other connections or from each other. The type of relationship
whose regularity can be fairly satisfactorily expressed in the form of a law
is a relationship which is impermanent though it has a permanent pattern :
it can start and cease innumerable times without affecting the behaviour of
other constituents of the larger nexus within which it occurs or the properties
11 Even in the elementary form in which it is presented here, such a serial model may help
to clarify the confusion that often arises from an all too clear-cut dichotomy between congeries
and systems. Not all frames of reference of physical problems cluster narrowly around the
congeries pole of the model. Not all frames of reference of biological or sociological problems
have their equivalent close to the other pole. They are, in each of these areas of inquiry, more
widely scattered than it is often assumed. And although, in each of these areas, their bulk can
probably be assigned to a specific region of the serial model, frames of reference of the problems
of different disciplines, projected on this model, frequently overlap.


244 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
of the larger nexus itself. General laws for particular cases, in short, are
instruments for the solution of problems whose referential frame is conceived
as a congeries.1
The more the framework of problems resembles in its characteristics a
highly self-regulating system and process, the greater in other words the
chance that constituents are permanently connected with each other So that
they are bound to change their properties irrevocably if these connections
are severed, the more likely is it that laws assume a subsidiary role as tools
of research ; the more does one require as the paramount vehicle for exploring
and presenting regularities of part-connections, system and process-models
clearly representative of the fact that part-events are linked to each other
as constituents of a functioning unit without which they would not occur or
would not occur in this manner.
- Nor do those time-honoured intellectual operations known as induction
and deduction retain quite the same character throughout this continuum
of models. In their classical form they are closely linked up with intellectual
movements up and down between discrete and isolated universals, which
may be general concepts, laws, propositions or hypotheses, and an infinite
multitude of particular cases which are also conceived as capable of preserving
their significant characteristics if they are studied in isolation independently
of all other connections.
When models of multitudes become subordinate to models of highly
organized systems another type of research operation gains greater prominence
modifying to some extent those. of induction and deduction, namely movements
up and down between models of the whole and those of its parts.
It is difficult to think of any well established terms expressing clearly
the differential qualities and the complementary character of these two opera-
1 In the case of the second law of thermodynamics an experimental and statistical law has
been interpreted as a statement about qualities possessed by the referential system as a whole,
that is by the physical universe. However, if one may use experiences in other fields as a model,
it is not always safe to assume that properties observed as those of constituent parts of a system
are also properties of the system as a whole. Whether or not one is justified, in this case, to
assume that regularities observed in a part-region of a system, in a part-region of both time and
space, can be interpreted as regularities of the whole system only physicists are entitled to judge.
However, these general considerations about laws are hardly affected by this case. In
physics as in other scientific disciplines the referential framework of problems is far from uniform.
Although, in the majority of cases, the units of observation are simply conceived as heaps, theré
are others in which they are envisaged as units endowed with properties approaching to those
of systems. But compared with the models of systems and processes developed in some of the
biological and some of the social sciences those which have been produced in physical sciences
show, on the whole, a relatively high independence of parts and a relatively low degree of
organization.
This may or may not account for the fact that although the status of laws, in the classical
sense of the words, has to some extent declined in the physical sciences with the ascendance of
models which have some of the characteristics of systems, the change does not appear to be
very pronounced. What apparently has become more pronounced is the implied expectation
that the diverse laws discovered in studies of isolated connections will eventually coalesce and
form with each other a comprehensive theoretical scaffolding for the behaviour of the over-all
system as a whole. Perhaps it is not yet quite clear why one should expect that the unconnected
clusters of connections whose regularities one has more or less reliably determined will subse-
quently link up and fall into pattern. To expect that they will do so, at any rate, means assum-
ing that in the end all congeries including that of energy-matter will turn out to be systems
of a kind or aspects and parts of systems.


NORBERT ELIAS
tions. Perhaps one might call e analytical 1) those steps of research in which
the theoretical representation of a system is treated more or less as a back-
ground from which problems of constituent parts stand out as the prime object
of research'and as a potential testing-ground for theoretical representations
of the whole ; and one might call c synoptic 33 (not to say c6 synthetic ")
those steps which are aimed at forming a more. coherent theoretical repre-
sentation of a system as a whole as a unifying framework and as a potential
testing-ground for relatively unco-ordinated theoretical representations of con-
stituent parts. But whatever the technical terms, one can say that the
solution of problems whose framework represents a highly integrated unit
depends in the long run on the co-ordination and balance between steps in
both directions.
In the short run, synopsis may be in advance of analysis. Its theoretical
results have in that case, at the worst, the character of speculations, at the
best, if they are conformable to a larger body of observational and theoretical
fragments, that of working hypothesis. Many of the ideas put forward by
the pioneering sociologists of the nineteenth century, preoccupied as they
were with the process of mankind as a whole, illustrate this stage. Or else
analysis may be in advance of synopsis. In that case, knowledge consists
of a plethora of observational and theoretical fragments for which a more
unified theoretical framework is not yet in sight. A good deal of the work
done by sociologists during part of the twentieth century can serve as an
illustration of that stage. Many of them, in reaction from the more specula-
tive aspects of the work done by the system-builders which preceded them,
became distrustful of any over-all-view and of the very idea of ce systems 3)
itself; they confined themselves more and more to the exploration of isolated
clusters of problems which could be explored as nearly as possible by methods
used by representatives of other sciences though they themselves lacked what
these others already possessed : a more unified, more highly integrated system
of theoretical constructs as a common frame of reference for isolated studies
of part-connections.
In the case of units of observation such as multitudes and populations
it is an appropriate aim of research to develop theoretical models of a com-
posite unit as a whole by treating it as the sum total of its components and
by tracing back its properties to those of its parts. But this reduction of
the whole to its parts becomes increasingly less appropriate if one moves
within the continuum of models towards more highly organized units. As the
constituents of such units lose their identity if their connection with others is
broken off, as they become and remain what they are only as functioning
parts of a functioning system of a specific type, or even of an individual
system, the study of temporary isolates is useful only if its results are again
and again referred back to a model of their system ; the properties of parts
cannot be adequately ascertained without the guidance provided by a theoreti-
cal model of the whole. At an early stage in the development of a particular
field of problems such models, like maps of largely. unexplored regions, may


246 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACHMENT
be full of blanks and perhaps full of errors which can be corrected only by
further investigations of parts. But however much one or the other may
lag behind, studies on the level of the whole system and studies on the level
of part-units are greatly impeded ifthey cannot rely on a measure of corre-
spondence and co-ordination which allows scientists to move the focus of their
observations and reflections freely from one level to the other.
VIII
The difficulty is that there are often more than two levels to be considered.
Highly structured systems and processes have often parts which are also
systems and processes ; and these in turn may have parts which again are
developing systems though with a smaller measure of autonomy. In fact,
such systems within systems, such processes within processes may consist of
many levels of varying relative strength and controlling power interlaced and
interlocked with each other ; So that those who are digging up knowledge on
one of them stand in need of free channels of communication with others who
are working in the many galleries above and below and, at the same time, of
a clear conception of the position and functions of their own problem-area,
and of their own situation, within the whole system.
In practice, such lines of communication are often deficient or non-
existent. Problems on different levels are frequently investigated by different
groups of specialists who, look hardly beyond their particular pitch. Many
of them draw from limited experiences with problems charactéristic of one
level, or merely of one of its aspects, inferences for the solution of problems
whose frame of reference comprises many levels or perhaps the whole system.
And if one of these groups, if, as it has in fact happened, specialists for the
study of units which represent a relatively low level of organization, such as
physicists, are greatly in.advance of others in the exploration of their level
and the development of côrresponding techniques, the unselect imitation of
their models and methods in studies of more highly organized units is likely
to give rise to a welter of misconceived problems.
For not only the whole system, but also each of its constituent systems
may display patterns of connections and regularities which are different and
which cannot be deduced from those of their constituent systems. Theoretical
models and methods of research designed for the study of units which are
less differentiated and integrated, can be, therefore, at best, only partially
appropriate as means of research into more highly organized units even if
the latter contain the former or homologues of the former as constituent
parts.
There are many instances of the difficulties that can ensue from the
application of models designed for the study of part-systems at one level of
organization to that of systems at another level or of the paramount-system
as a whole.
Take, for example, the old controversy about the usefulness of physical


NORBERT ELIAS
systems such as machines as explanatory models for biological systems such
as animals and men. If one adheres to the traditional way of thinking, one
can usually perceive only two possible solutions to the focal problem of this
controversy. One can either accept physical systems of one kind or the other
as complete models for organisms and assume, explicitly or not, that an
organism as a whole is a set of physical events on exactly the same level as
physical events outside organisms. Or one can adopt vitalistic models and
assume that special non-physical forces are at.work in organisms which account
for the observable differences between living and non-living systems:
In order to accept either of these two alternatives, one has to stretch
a good many points. As in other cases in which it is difficult, not simply
to find a solution for a problem, but to think of any possible model for a
solution which would fit the available evidence reasonably well, it is the
type of available models rather than the evidence which requires re-examina-
tion. The difficulties with which men have met, at least since the days of
Descartes, in tackling the question whether or not living systems can be
adequately explained-by analogies with non-living systems are closely bound
up with the tradition of thinking which decrees that the behaviour of whole (
units has to be explained from that of their parts. It becomes less difficult
to conceive of a more fitting model for the solution of this question if it is
accepted that there are types of problems which require a different approach
problems which can be brought nearer solution only if one is aware that
the units under observation have properties which cannot be inferred from
those of their parts.
Man-made machines, as we know them, are homologues not of all, but
only of some levels in the hierarchic order of open systems represented even
by animals ofa simpler type. As each system of a higher order may have
properties different from those lower-order systems which form its parts and
as animals rising in the evolutionary scale represent systems within systems
on a steadily rising number of levels, one would expect the behaviour and
characteristics of organisms to correspond only. partially to those of machines
or of chains of chemical reactions ; one would expect organisms to display
characteristics which are only in some regards similar to, but in others different
from, physical systems, and yet to reveal themselves as nothing but heaps
of physical particles if their many-levelled organization is destroyed or if
component parts are studied in isolation.
But one could no longer expect, in that case, that all problems of organ-
isms will be solved in the end by analogies with machines or with other physical
systems and that biological sciences will gradually transform themselves into
physical sciences. In living systems physical processes are patterned and
organized in a way which induces further patterning and organizing of these
processes. Even if men should succeed in constructing artefacts with very
much more and much higher levels of organization and control than those
of any known machine, artefacts which could build and rebuild their own
structure from less highly organized materials, which could grow and develop,


248 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND-DETACHMENT
feel and reproduce themselves, one would have to apply to their construction
and to their study biological as well as physical categories and models.
In controversies between vitalists and mechanists, both sides take it
more or less for granted that the model of explanation according to which
studies in the properties of parts are expected to provide the key for the
problems presented by those of the whole, is a universal model. In fact, it
is a specific and partial model appropriate only to the study of units on a
relatively low level of organization.1
Or take the much discussed question of the relationship between the
behaviour of higher animals and that of men. Attempts to explain the latter
in terms of the former are not uncommon. Yet, again, one cannot compre-
hend the functioning and structure of systems which embody a higher level
of organization and control alone in terms of others which are less highly
organized even if the former are the descendants of the latter. While men
function partly as other animals do, as a whole they function and behave in
a way no other animal does.
The change towards greater cortical dominance (to mention only one
aspect of these differences) provides a useful illustration of the way in which
an increase in the controlling and co-ordinating power of a part-system on a
very high level in the hierarchy of interlocking systems goes hand in hand
with changes in the equilibrium and the functioning of systems on all
levels and with a transmogrification of the over-all system itself. It is to
differences such as these that one will have to turn in order to establish
more clearly and more firmly that and why the sciences of men cannot be
expected to transform themselves, sooner or later, into a branch of the
biological sciences even though results of studies into aspects of men within
the competency of the latter form an integral element of the former.
Finally, similar problems and similar difficulties can be found, again on
a different level and in a different form, in the long drawn-out dispute about
the relationship of ( individual 1) and c society >) Again, one seems to be
left with the choice between two equally unsatisfactory alternatives. How-
ever much one may try one's hand at some kind of compromise, on the whole,
opinions are SO far arrayed in two more or less irreconcilable camps. One
can place oneself nearer those who think of societies as heaps or masses of
individual people and of their properties and their dévelopment, simply as
the outcome of individual intentions and activities ; and one can place oneself
nearer those who think of societies, of social processes in all their various :
aspects, more or less as if they. .existed in some sense outside and apart from
the individual people by whom they are formed.
Common to both sides, again, is a style of thinking, an idea as to how
"1 One need hardly say that the same argument holds good with regard to the old dispute
about the relationship of what is traditionally called à body >> and mind ". In this case
too proposals for the solution of the problem on purely physical and on metaphysical lines are
usually representative of the same
of thinking and equally inept. They may be monistic
or dualistic they
credit the style mind with qualities of matter " or a matter with
qualities of the a mind may , all these propositions tryto account for the whole in terms of its parts.


NORBERT ELIAS
phenomena ought to be explained, which has been found most serviceable
in men's attempts to explain, and to gain control over, physical events. But
in this case the impasse is not only due to the uncritical transfer of models
of thinking from one field to another. Attempts to work out better theoretical
models for the relationship of individual and society suffer even more from
the fact that this relationship has become, in our age, one of the focal points,
if not the focal point, in the clash of value systems, of social beliefs and ideals
which divide some of the most powerful groupings of men. In society at
large, the question what the rights and duties of individuals in society ought
to be, or whether the wellbeing of society ought to be considered as more
important than that of individuals, and other questions of this kind, are
evocative of a wide range of practical issues which are highly controversial.
Answers to such questions form in many cases the shibboleth by which fol-
lowers of different social and political creeds recognize friend and foe. As
a result, reinforced as it constantly is by tensions and passions of rivalling
groups, the question as to what the relationship of individual and society
ought to be tends to mask and to muffle in discussions and studies the other
as to what kind of relationship it actually is-so much SO that the simple
question of fact often appears to be almost incomprehensible. And as it SO
happens that this factual question is representative of one of the basic problems
of the social sciences, the difficulties which stand in the way of any attempt
to distinguish and to detach it clearly from the topical social and political
questions which are often expressed in similar terms constitute one of the
major barriers to the further development of the social sciences and particularly
to that of sociology.
What has been said, SO far, about other types of part-whole relationships
can be of some help, if not in solving, at least in clarifying this problem. In
many respects the relationship between men as individuals and men as societies
differs from these other types. It is quite unique, and not all its features fit
entirely in the, schema of a part-whole relationship. At the same time, it
shows many of its characteristics and presents many of the problems generally
associated with it.
All societies, as far as one can see, have the general characteristics of
systems with sub-systems on several levels of which individuals, as individuals,
form only one. Organized as groups, individuals form many others. They
form families ; and then again on a higher levél, as groups of groups, villages
or towns, classes or industrial systems and many similar structures. which are
interlocked and which may form with .each other an over-all system, such as
tribes, city-states, feudal kingdoms or nation-states, with a dynamic power-
equilibrium of its own. This, in turn, may form part of another less highly
organized, less well integrated system ; tribes may form with each other
a federation of tribes ; nation-states a balance-of-power-system. In this
hierarchy of interlocking social units the largest unit need not be the most
highly integrated and organized unit ; SO far in the history of mankind it
never was. But whatever form it may take, that system in the hierarchy of


250 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEMENT AND DETACH M ENT
systems which constitutes the highest level of integration and organized power
is also the system which has the highest capacity to regulate its own course.
Like other open systems," it can disintegrate if the pressure of tensions from
within or without becomes too strong. As long as its organization remains
more or less intact, it has a higher degree of autonomy than any of its
constituents.
And it is the structure and development of this system which in the
last resort determines those of its part-systems including those of its individual
members. Different levels in this hierarchy of systems, such as individuals
as such or as families or as classes, have a greater or smaller measure of
autonomy; ; they may, for example, co-operate or they may fight with each
other. But the scope for autonomous actions varies with the properties of
the paramount system as well as with the location of part-units within it ;
and SO does the basic personality structure of its individual members. For
on the properties and the development of this system depend those of the
institutionalized set of relationships which we call a family >3 ; this, in turn,
induces the organization and integration of functions in individual children
who as adults will be called upon to carry on, to develop and perhaps to change
the institutions,of the paramount system which, by means of this and of
other homeostatic devices, is enabled to perpetuate at least some of its
distinguishing cHaracteristics.
Thus unique as the relationship of c individual '' and a society )) is, it
has this in common with other part-whole relationships characteristic of
highly organized, self-regulating systems that the regularities, the attributes
and the behaviour of systems on different levels and above all those of the
paramount system itself cannot be described simply in terms appropriate to
those of their parts ; nor can they be explained as effects of which their
constituents are the cause. And yet they are nothing outside and apart
from these constituents.
Those who approach social phenomena, wittingly or unwittingly, as if
societies were nothing but heaps of individual people and who try to explain
the former in terms of the latter cannot conceive of the fact that groups
formed by individuals, like other organizations of part-units, have properties
of their own which remain unintelligible for an observer if his attention is
focused on individual people as such and not, at the same time, on the
structures and patterns which individuals form with each other.
Those who approach social phenomena, wittingly or not, as if these
phenomena existed independently of the individuals by whom they are formed
are usually aware of the fact that phenomena of this kind have their irreducible
regularities. But expecting as they have been trained to expect, that the
regularities of composite units can be deduced from those of their parts and
perhaps puzzled by the fact that they cannot deduce the social regularities
which they observe simply and clearly from individual regularities, they tend
to fall into a manner of speaking and thinking which suggests that social
phenomena exist in some sense independently of individual people. They


NORBERT ELIAS
tend to confuse a having regularities of their own >) with € having an existence
of their own 3> , in the same way in which the fact that organisms have regular-
ities which cannot be deduced from those of unorganized physical events is
often interpreted as a sign that something in organisms has an existence
independently of physical events. Here as elsewhere, the inability to think
in terms of systems leaves people with the choice between two equally unpalat-
able alternatives, with the choice between atomistic and hypostatic conceptions.
Some problems cannot be brought nearer solution mainly because one
has not sufficient facts to go on, others mainly because, as problems, they are
misconceived : General ideas, types of classes, the whole manner of thinking
may be malformed or simply inadequate as a result of an uncritical transfer
of intellectual models from one context to another. Some of the difficulties
encountered in social sciences are of this type. They are due to insufficiences
not SO much in the knowledge of facts, as in the basic ideas, categories and
attitudes used in making observations of, and in handling, facts: Since
people conceived the idea that one might explore not only physical, but also
social phenomena, as it were, scientifically, those who tried to do so, have
always been, more or less, under the influence of two types of models developed,
in different contexts, by two. more powerful groups : models of setting and
solving problems about social phenomena current in society at large and
those of dealing with problems about a nature >> developed by natural scient-
ists. It is a question how far either of these two types of models is suited to
scientific inquiries into social phenomena. By raising it, one adumbrates
the need for re-examination of a wider problem : that of the nature and
acquisition of human knowledge generally.
Models of the first type are often used unintentionally by social scientists.
They are concerned with phenomena from a sphere of life in which the con-
tingency of unmanageable dangers is continuously high ; it is difficult for them
to disengage the ideas and concepts they use in their specialized work as
scientists from those used day by day in their social life. The hypothetical -
model used for the study of problems of this kind is a continuum of which one
marginal pole is formed by properties of persons and their situation character-
istic of complete involvement and complete lack of detachment (such as one
might find it in the case of young babies) and the other of properties character-
istic of complete detachment and a zero-point of involvement.
Models of the second type, those of natural sciences, are often, though
not always, copied deliberately by social scientists ; but they do not always
examine, at the same time, in what respect these models are consonant with
their specific task. Pressed by uncertainties, not unconnected with the
strength of their involvements, they are apt to seize upon these models as
on ready-made and authoritative means for gaining certainty often enough
without distinguishing clearly whether it is certainty about something worth
knowing or something rather insignificant which they have gained in this
way. As one has seen, it is this mechanical transfer of models from one
scientific field to another which often results in a kind of pseudo-detachment,


252 PROBLEMS OF INVOLVEME! NT AND DETACHMENT
in a malformation of problems and in severe limitations of topics for research.
The hypothetical model used for the study of problems of this kind is a con-
tinuum of models of composite units arranged according to the degree of inter-
dependence of part-units. By and large, problems of the physical sciences
have as their frame of reference concepts of units with a relatively low degree
of organization. Problems referring to units of an equally low degree of
organization, e.g. to populations in the statistical sense of the word, are not
lacking in the social sciences. But in their case units of this type are always
parts of other far more highly organized units. Types of concepts, of explana-
tions and procedures used for inquiries into the former are, at the best, only
of limited use in scientific studies of the latter ; for in their case, in contrast
to that of units of low organization, the knowledge one has gained about
properties of isolated parts can only be assessed and interpreted in the light
of the knowledge one has gained of properties of the whole unit.
If it is difficult for social scientists to attain greater autonomy of their
scientific theories and concepts in relation to public creeds and ideals which
they may share, it is not less difficult for them to gain greater autonomy in
the development of their scientific models in relation to those of the older,
more firmly established and successful physical sciences. The crucial question
is whether it is possible to make much headway towards a more detached,
more adequate and autonomous manner of thinking about social events in
a situation where men in groups, on many levels, constitute grave dangers
for each other. Perhaps the most significant insight to be gained from such
reflections is the awareness of what has been named here, inadequately enough,
the c principle of increasing facilitation 15 : The lower' social standards of
control in manipulating objects and of detachment and adequacy in thinking
about them, the more difficult is it to raise these standards. How far it is
possible under present: conditions for groups of scientific specialists to raise
the standards of autonomy and adequacy in thinking about social events and
to impose upon themselves, the discipline of greater detachment, only experi-
ence can show. Nor can one know in advance whether or not the menace
which human groups on many levels constitute for each other is still too great
for them to be able to bear, and to act upon, an over-all picture of themselves
which is less coloured by wishes and fears and more consistently formed in
cross-fertilization with dispassionate observations of details. And yet how
else can one break the hold of the vicious circle in which high affectivity of
ideas and low ability to control dangers coming from men to men reinforce
nameala? o ander


TNTERNITNEN WTNNIINTN
Autumn 1956 additions to:
The International Library of Sociology
Economy and Society
TALCOTT PARSONS and N.J. SMELSER. An attempt to further
the integration of economic theory with. recent developments in the
general theory of social systems as developed in sociology. 35S. net
From Generation to Generation
S.N:1 EISENSTADT. The author deals with one ofthe central problems
of sociology- the ways in which different societies assure their own
continuity from generation to generation.
42S. net
British Social Work in the Nineteenth Century
A. F. YOUNG:and E. T. ASHTON. Tracing the history of social
work, against its background of religious, social and political thought.
255. net
Mental Health and Mental Disorder
Edited by -ARNOLD M. ROSE. Readings in social psychiatry, social
aspects of deviant behaviour, personal and social disorganization, and
mental health, by specialists eminent in their respective fields. L
40S. net
The Functions of Social Conflict
LEWIS COSER. The author states the functions of social conflict in a
number of basic propositions which have been distilled primarily
from the theories of Georg Simmel.
About 21S. net
ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL
INIIMWI
W N
/E WNNTE PWHHNNE


764 Waldon
Deas
tolest
Yau very, very
glat to let yoca whdeful
ludslss.
Hyr Faties unildl ike
lo Ray faw veky tuy-he-crto
feas alout tlus
gt - i -
Aally
Marvellon
aud well 're
tell ym
all tomorina
Sea Yor ou Saturday
(troly - )
at h O'CLOCR
Watebloo Stalio
Touhiil


dot
76A Waldar ld,
sallifuald,
Jear Udbert,
d write fuume to
toll yau that Oxhald Wlp ko
Wel you ou Muaday oueuif, at
WATERL h0O at 5.45 A.M,
Butsolly, Peel Vely Orud
ahut *
for ALl fhare Vely
little unoy uud Veaunt aluays
Aely ufrfm tiho thirs coug?
Pahall Aiug us a toh
uliieh Galuld liko-t Leud you -1 -
E L - ucfrl foryen fti Cu
uiipht iuto Zlu srial Claraioutia


eally uuslteutt witiry Euglicl
Sile
alss Galumld lihe k dinims
pseus uith
So Hlall ueed HucH
talk
-toubtyax unnte tacfat (wedusicday)
Zlnon
aud


YA AWaldm G.
Salifildf
SWIK
Jeas Uopert 7
FuA Huip A
perijht
N tutent
Cague
optusd ki ny engiug f thre uimey
mitty HA Rettted
ttuke
Clio
stmlle this
Puill litlle ol
Afase un WAG
Rut
Quftut delay t
AGLILE
out
that Mrnday
4 Bank
Hfliday *
Mle teains will le
very enwdod
H ghato A 6A -
thys Ki attle
80 pthall kel yam I
TUESDAY
98 loane it eutil
Hou
Jhall lre afla S Rlud
tft & lettes
eAReLt - t -
tio tue
Texdoy aneauiup the tuc


grhall arlive
gehall Caue
Hwedayiuankuing A-tliok y
will Aeecive
tlie
letteo Hint
Doe
Vaudsatoud then haitia (
Ry lufple finye dalayed thsis
pleersin
utils un RO that Hhovei
Jus tiue ti arruge
an offautout
Podeylear
auyuay, wo letted
tnan seasks ysu flovotay xinte ttw will
le Bank tldidiy
Yam veNy amy, ptoblug-at
epftauly Et wll he TUESJAY
Y CuERO ylod thatyne lae
lana lottu
Himar Pana we
auat talli tilon
uitl
Daurire
Rs. P Cruld yau wite t tuR smediately a
lnplettag 7 Almt the weatter su Coubrdge
leleffle, Ylmar dau
Ao lat 9
phall Rrcurl i Sat. wput / Paune


RETHEG E
HAYHES
BASAF epMMON
SHEET PIECE,
Fearc S1E00 207
*CoMmon,
faiday Suening 726
PETERCFIEW), HANTS kt. -
Ty deas Kabest,
9 Reecined yaus littes a
feuo days oufo aud jwas
Ao glad to 4*
fuas fom yor
9 kat unte
to yai
yiet
a duy lefdhe seeeived
yart
lettzo
Didl - ya seiewve wy
lay
letteo ?
Geeplainad these uly. lave
jur unitteu fov Ro lange
ayn say, d u tessible
thid piologed sokasatin
9 foed
little udilligaut dyntacthy liese
and Cu
alimy tukiup ffar
9 uut to Rel
undactanding
Crila ya eoue to hoidon?
Sehile kntally fie iu : hoidon
frow
lo (Viday
uctil the 13th
Mineth.
CYusday) qyuia
lay partably,
9 am uh
sube.
Could yai unte uinedialily aid toee


lue ? whethis ya seecised Sthe lettos aud
CaU ueugs ls get to
Loils,
9 lave laa ald ldts
tell
$t uneld take 24 loto
day fa all.
uake - & little uda
think 1
every tiue 9
Amulip uew.
$ ya leve uot
litte
gecsiseduiy
I * 9 haue unved fm
Ly Ltues
tllet,
Aee
aya
ly Wey: addsers.
Jau very crufotable 1 evory
fecidty fov hard- usling -
Y alall be iu Caubidge
aud Reseh -
Ychusy
sdderelifs .
+ Peuheke SY Paniug
Yulya PARe
Juas Ro. :
& Leas doa ya
Plase
S cailust
Now,
MUAAN
dead you
Ever
dd -
Jruts
rmjury.
VL Jau


87, Ruuse Road,
Patiufild,
HANTS.
Peas lopdest
What has
loffeurd
tya?
Aaseit
luasd toe
Jueli
a tinue.
Pait
I uenly the delay iu the delusesy
lettess,
o wliat?
What
do You tluik 3 ury
Luggertion
nug ueetiug iu houda, ov did -
Aeeeive of
settae?
wlieu S
you
uly
wney
do. ust heay Tou yo - - aud Y luoue u
Aeln
Lot
ndasly a usitt.
Jay
Yle
wentaes 1
liege i sice vesy -
undaled aud
tle coutay i uiee top. But
olw Yod! What u tle Ule. 1 tli ?
gan ust
dedfaidiyp, seally, fau ut desfaisiup, lut
wust i tlue ude 0 gaip oi day oftss day iu
tli llace, afart tou thee (Jacas d baffle You
lou?
Sut 9 kiias 9 uult entuie, uitit
319 am wft kally defpeush., lut ouly have
Cittle saatehes Y sadve, sefoccally wheu. f
leale euftinal uuiie.
Did ya gaad u the" Fuuday
Yuner' Hat tlo euneuees
will lauke sseat


Notiloguial Afet Un tlie inuty / tlic alryey
iufpn: the
waut Aoue
Coutu fer? -
Sf yo
ufaustin s tliis , sul
ttla caslitinu S
Aeactinu Neireues te.
leleade wite aud
aik ul quetou. - St hee, 9 Lafe, Bre Sare
for Jl a us,
Ym Yoke u oue Ayas letten
haiy
waid
ueas ym.
Itro
I have uf ecuetly
liede
eshun
alttayh Lhues they oeut
ttey ale.
eceftalle
) fleau wite uill ya
nun
1 nre


8Y, Sussee Raad
Peteryfuld /
Peat lerbest
Mauta,
ft wtd vedy. -loely to
Neeive
dtde g-uctrige -telepean- fhu-yotr
8-didit a at Fint Healice eeaetly whet
it--uaut - -uutil it- -dawued uun-ua
that- H-wee stdeuteeu that clay.
9 achrulde like t write a
a-lng lottro
lnt seally 8 haule wf
yat. - sungh to--dey.
lwe- lugun
Fetluod -dnRele--eud S-c m Really
vetudiiply lueky:
Rti-a fublit
tnushyalottanrtouneg f ttiuk)
a tfie luautiful ertuthy jut aituide
ttit trm .
-Gust tnters,
t has
1 eue lilkaty with
r duely Euglich
lor Rauet.
dt the- -umeet 9 Qu
dryig to - -Aottle- -dah
to-- -AANQ- -wotk
Fleahs coctrmuing-- U m stlo eRaus
ucke-
oxarucoat
Ced, ly--tere
uay, epiae wyittcu" to -Sileor Peked
8la far ut, fus -
3dgs, sof-list
Fan
lolt
Meray
Suuat pead oucd APT -heoke, Kieenas
uaw- tlare thaglitr toh at Uhich
lly trmuph wy lmin f do ult RillA so
jotile à uauy:
Yhat d a liecaude Fau


uh Jecding uyey urth use kuslidge aud
Vecaue uyy efe i ut Jall euorpl Y h,
$ thall-wite a Rmasd
veules 9 waut k -Rayemettug
aud -Ftula yar-vile anite tro.
try
Aeeculed vour veyeny Tttep -- whiet
ya deut liek,
aud Viiade 6 tuuk
Ya for thut too
Yue. Apha- wiich -
& aua
Lvag kudly paue ue
gaug
Lpead 00M
What i Caulride Cokuy
Litla aud- liova-yao woth 2? à 9 tliah
alat aqfugees Aan uow do C ES 1 W
sulelany Retvice cait tley
An Runi -


Hoyles Rice;
Sleet Cnuuon
Weduesday, daud Nov. 39.
Petinpild
Haits.
Juas lusber
Heujioed veuy uueli yais
kattes.
lag
But, kpuie Belieue mue, 9. had wo
intentin of Peing isouiial
uy laut
Rettes.
What" iuaide
stliik sthat Jure
eeiug inuical ? 4 39 kaue
soue
miichauce
- thar safesusim in
letter, 9
Lony.
But * 8 cia wlt
ton
uleud supting.
Funderctond
wy yn wede
grits uualile to gut tto hondm. aud 9
yimfatlised
Auas un iu tlie loaet
Quigry
aude cestarily could have keoio to
lie umieal )
Yr wiust liaive uis-sord
uy letter
Plouse semeuli tooj thoh
lettet wictiip u-do digfieult -
8 liaie lo
way of kunring liaw &. eestain senteuse
griug to afpeas to you, ds9? hetit
auffice aut this thien
thole wa utluup
aanitally- uteuded
iu uly laist letted


Sau glad ya uuderetund wat - 9
fut o strugly almet class distiietun >> ta
it wer oecussed ko ya who uttealy
refeuleise the sigat % oue luman leiup
weaviug austhes cau be?
Ju this -lsuse
thuede asetwo seavaits - they wesue ouf
weals in the ala. Vitmin uauned..
9 aln 10 somy almut yast pasents.
Ya heas ustling ? Yau have lo way of ecwmumiatiy
Fonth then? Dout ya take enfideuce iu the
faet that ast thi bogiuniy Jthe was
iitles made a enuilialoy affeal 6 the Ywn?
qunderitud
what t ut le
fox
yaa.
9 umy almut uuy paseuts, Yut Akuaws ouly too
well
that Scau see theu ulleu g-like
aud that. ' for thuis
uriter at auy Aate,
thy abe Lafe. Yaur kaseuti abe diffesent.
Aud 9 uudleoetaud
llow dekly you lnusst
ful almut them
9 eu very sony.
Believe ue, Uothern
suplil ailias
ufaned ly liafs aud Oruds,
haue ut
Jrud a siugle egoor iu faus lettea aud


2 Fam juelau of ynis beaustque stfle. $
u Aemaskable low yau Cali alsimilate all EHO
sue Suglieh ways
Pds lilke yai leeme
oxe ofius ne day:
Oheu will ym lie
uatasalieed
ya afoke yit ouce, didit
yal
feel oau enfty desidi o Srliu andl
Quilriey ametiinies
Why i thi : 2
Yai die
we ane
uo lettess
ast all. ft U 4o
diffilt. pa.
tliat thay ade apfe.
What u auffering
Sudia?.
tlie
par
Suddeuy
Yiner' cut Hfiti - ulun almit Juolia - Rifer
tliede lie a: Aevset?
Yau nice afesre y
Culsey as. - ec kolitial leades, didit yoi ?
9 aum
Piemasck uow.
atudyisg
Ue caue alsoes tin Little ipeeel alaut
Sut und euen / you sememlies Coemdanl,
Uor' 4 uy esuas i iomy) Poym kunw
Whast. little thLo iage Caud 6 mie 7 Zoit
yau dememhes when yairiy o
Qulhey uied to viit
ptalian
iie
Pepimeis,


Hutaudant iu taun ? Po you
teueuilies iu
thar little eokues calking df'olut
Und eisen : - :
uien dulrey acked ya dflat
wa the Leman 2
Yhe uiage Haeled ly-
that u lunw 9 semeules thigs - - Qud the
inages donctines wake we waut thee palpele
ack.
At u
almt
gerd
yria trilunal. Mlay
L ase weay uice t alieus.
Ya Lu, ym aud
the Suyphelenan have dmuthinp iu Coumm
uui a enumon veuemy, H dles
adesu diseuetini unw alnut 'tte Lesuon
eharactee!
Vle Euplishiman 4
aahed
beiup
Huaw lie urll deal ( with cliis. Harold
liirlem liad - a very uolfaesubed asticle
iu tlue Spetatoo i alnut it.
afte tlie
wao,ya kuns Udbelt, the Eyplaslimnss i
griup to diver the uatusal upges 1
stlo Lemar pefle into austhes chaunel.
9 Alall lre emuip t Caumbidge
fo a selielabelif iu Yelnany as Psail.
9t watties the ul tliis selislassluf
sluciness I
Ylie Suplish mastes says 9


to 9o ou stidying Kaeueh aud Hilny
i siglieh for tlié kea easies tigled
Seliols Sscain, uiich F di eusertially
that 9 kaes.
He thiukes ithat ly then
Relale ehave a uskeuctude A miud to
pralfple with - Euplish Litesatuse
Hetthinke
that he
# jgles Seloe
cousse a Qu
jeréellenst Jaudatio .
Ya see Cil Suyplich selislabalif a to
eetremely diffieult
uuch liardes than
the eeluol. a few - ) uyfiends hede ase
takiip at clisislmas iu Yaeuch à. Yornau.
Suplich i veny dfficult TNFAD little
selies ou shese meudy
Vliin wcaun tlot
Sahall take a silol.
iu the nect
Qecenbe Crt4o) o Velniary ciee)
What dayn tliuh K Wobelt
gihned very uueh like arReg you as
Clsietmas. :
Will ya tie abla ti manape 2
Plecee ty t eng kuow yau wnll
Yhose
QAe such A en 8 thiup t Aay


A the wmt Cnues to the arrest -
mujhit Beable Cnue 6 Caulridge
Pleaee inite,
Jam LO plad we * ade itickig
ttrpethes
Have yau usticed: fine evely
knue han goe fmu ous Lidet 7
We G8R
the ney jufile senainiup 2
aun
Rausiy
Yuy Pauiweded Sileeu Prwes wauy
weeks ago, talliup lies alnit my deticio.


La Source
café-bras
35, boulevard Saint-Michel
J. GUICHARD
Paris,
Odéon.o7-33
Odéon 32-61
Inter
Cher
7 I lrt
ure
Cha
lcecs
PL5
Cmup


hai -
ASANDAU L
- ueiole
al C
/ Xe
ole
hatit


Coup
KYer fa
2vs


plece
ofe
feve
béur
t tof,
A hameont


lettee utu a
70 B STATION Rp,
fos ue,
taunt
Sunday
PETERSFIEND,
had a
four
weck-
HANTS
9 haue leeu
My deas Uolett J
alound
atoud
with uo settleal
9 tliauk
liome. 9 was uietalled iu
to yns lettes aud -ym
ynua
doaoding -hnse fov faw iuinutig lectuses.
daye aud am unw iu a
ade a
jumalles linse. lt uakes
success ! gast
roue feel do dofendent
kll you you cald uvegae ueves
eud lulplis aud torakin utop
a sucess as
being
sthiy like tliis umild
long as
lived,
coue wheu 9 was usking fiens ? 1 likod
uy lithle
hasdes than 9 houe eveir lectusus
uued yaur indead:-
doue
* Hotesies
uese der vesy eleas
muy
Tom
leas
day
Keuf
uaffected You elaimed
goe lack to houda Yo lo iutillectual sufesiniky oves to
a Jucirel since lue i
yas liiteners
Wich, 9
have leabued ocu


heueath the uonn-
all
hike
epur,
eltlngl su a Jeay facing oue dibectis iu tlue
muea
seale,
unt
Vatnsd
peculias
Wok las
faelion
leer sucurfie Ogain, hase ym eues
iethis
tian, 8 tlk - & leu
urticed that the
aud
Jace yai P slall
stlue cauty 1 RD
ceataiuly
lttll
almut
diffebeut at
Tes
you
that peod,
uiglur Befose
prueffel, trarguil fealing
9 liad always Leen the
Aftes tun houn
wrsh.
as a fisce fcarvas
luol 0!0! 9 am
unw 9 lae seeu QS a
dhy
selsol.
SPAA
Evety uaitee Huge J doof cauesu
a chasuiup aud tle
e little frghteuig. Ytax 8
ctanchisp 3 do iutiinate
uees guite tealived eitace
end tilesaut aad
that
i the elence
haet
friully.
ugat 9 uet a
y the
/ I tlat the
Very cultusedl deaehee trm
ct uplit i
bedales gehoel, au
a Jort
tnby
adlvanced
op Aupe
Umadiyp lease selol ueat whadaw à
. Htaue you felt


liued at the
lunse at Ya ectseuely wise bolicy.
Pleet Coumon d was
9 have lueeu uig
peruliad
When 9
to wite to
to a
unk iu the
time .
liave
lnig
seveutug 1
dega
into lied
shmuand
trutus
things to tall
ouud turisted uf Yocling atrarpe yau - 9 was youg to uite
lud as : 9 walked iteuldy acas
yau a vely loy lettes uluen
the fields segplasly evedy - uas kasticulasly uoroèed
wy lrain was
soue days ago. 9 felt
ptar of luyginyg little Jeuask then staat 9 was wad
eud Queetiny grectina,
dhat all the guestions
quectiou. But sone of that wiiel wese nuging agaiuet
Vas paued = do ym may
eael otlies Lu wy lain
thauk yous lucky stasy
wese lard 1O Es
J was
sthat
laven't heeu
going t tell you linw
seruide to a lewailig
heusstie Jwas aud Lo O.
Rettes.
$ was ce little fieatined
9an JO plod yai ale tobky Areu J 9 suffre. When 9


hege' e I
tleese i
TI officially vifectid ly Ca
gjuita free JAEL :
mauten lme direase. .
ou equility with the fupils : gut thius eracuation a &
taese Qse emys aud
P+ lias
gils
stiugthesss
KC-hese ade many affaiss'
to kcef uy
Enpd
uay
ufliich ede iniide guiat adl to Rileuce
badotay taa a wsdesu jtle weak sunllings 9
eclol, erased ou uodesn
cannat suu to myy uothes..
bactdepiad peseasch. Mliy L Scaunht lok to
oseter told Ue that 4 he aud 9 cin eyoyiy augoe
tamget the deacling of
uufeleasant eeleseise
aut
ous sehool
Kaugingus
Yle
lias
was . wethenely Afficiut aund
taygat uue a
deal.
euen lettes tlau
stdciss,
Ju ueues fenew
lms
lyfoke
Whieh
sindeed
gmd
enimali kaued cle
i tle fiolus, uutil uiphta
Well, Palindd Ven uuch
late at wigar 9 Aaw veay
vike bo Ree you at N Chsistmas several cous all unorssinp)


3 Cau
uanage i? 9
uhall te iu houdon vuect
Hhureday fos pephaps a few
weeks. 9 waut Jely uuch to
uee you, Ao enld you
beubly unite unnadistey
araugiyg a timne op place? 7
Yorllys util a we x meet
faus eues eues friend
Vaurgs -
RS. h'auord et ses
m' évitaut
enfuta de
trynes
je m'ahuse tout seul.
FRs
Quel dommag, um ami ! fe
uis accouhi d'un pctit,
malgse mon wexe et nuon
ustement !


BHOPAL
29th. May 1939.
My dear Norbert,
This is the second draft of my reply to your
letter, for which many thanks. You know that your letter was
too short. I want to know more of what you are doing, and to
have some of the news which the newspapers here lamentably fail
to supply.
Aubrey wants me to thank you very much for your
letter, and to say that he'réply at great length as soon as he
is freé of these continual'appointments here.
your
In reply Lyee letter, the Red Sea was not so hot
as here, the films did melt (all of them), and our personal
relations are progressing on a certain equilibrium of torpor.
I: have: not replied before this, because, as tou
may well expect, my intelligence has been. well below freezing
point ever since I landèd . It gives me great pleasure to use that:
phrase, because the thermometer hère stands at 110 degrees in
the shade.
In my first letter to you, which I tore up, it beig
SO. stupid, I pontificated on the question:of the effect of Western
crises on the minds here. Of course, I am really in a maze about
everything. I can only say. this: the news is atrociously reported
in the Indian press, and I seldom heard European politics discussed
When an Indian wants to know-what part of India a man comes from,
Ixa he asks from what country? and the papers are full, except
for the Tront page two columns devoted to Crisis, of communal
strife (I cannot convey how much this séems to enter into convers-
ation, all-day living, it is built in the person), of labour
troubles in the States, of mumbo-jumbo speeches by officials. Alsg
the Muslims, who are said to be traditionally more friendly towards
the British, are being much disaffected by the Arab-Jewish trouble.
As far as I. can see now, the effect on India. of any proper settle-
ment must be bad.
But I cannot see very far. I have never been so
bewildered. And I do not know ahere to start to tell you the


thousands of things.
The first few days in India, I was mildly
stupid, and then, instead of recovering, I relapsed into infantil-
ism, when nothing at all-went right. Luckily, no real damage
was done in personal relatims, and I goton well with the Indians
I met. But, the real hurdle is yet to come, as I have not yet met
the Nawab..
Bombay was. a strage place. You know that it
was one amusement of mine while I was at Dufay'si to find out by
looking round why a town existed 1 if the river: explained it, or
the harbour, or the nat tural resourees, - and how these things
dominated the lay-out. But I. could never fing my: way round Bombay,
right up to the last day. It is set on an I island, and, with a
vast and àlmost empty mainland just over the bridge, they aré, at
immense cost, reclaiming land from the sea. - : Onthis land, they
are building huge blocks of modernismus flats, until the skyline
is beginning to resemble New York. Rents are exhorbitant. I
asked nearly everyone, but noone could say why it was necessary
to add to a sub-continent in order that none-too-rich people could
live at great cost. The rest of Bombay is people. At nights they
sleep in thousands all over the pavemants. During thé day; they
serve in the shops, or, sell on the streets, or work in the mil1s,
or sit about. The chawlssor broken-down, rat-infested tenement
bulldingaare not-big enough-to hold- them all, although-they. sleep
nine and ten to.a room.
Withal, Bombay is the most expensive town I
have ever been to. A Rupee (1/6) goes nowhere. The usual price
in the popular cinemas is 3/6. You: saw our luggage - they charged
us 1076 excess: ton. it from Bombay to: Bhopal. £3:10:0 a. week for
a two-roomed unfurnished flat 1s considered fairly reasonable.
In fact, thë only cheap things Isaw in Bombay were the pros-
titutes behind bars in Grant Road, who sell theirs wares for
5d. And yet, of course, the mill-hand earns: 1/6 per day, and keeps
a family : on it. Congress says that he will be:able to keep his
family even better when Prohibition is introduced into Bombay on
August 1st. Bombay is governed by Congress; and this liquor law
will be their first big législation. The Parsees, who: apparently
really hold the position in Bombay that the Jews were said to:
occupy in Germany, aré furious. But the rest of the opposition
is tongue tied - neither thet Hindu nor Mohammedan religions allow
drinking. So, although all the parties hate one anotherst guts,
the subject cannot be discussed except on a high legalistic plane.
Aubrey has interviewed the Minister responsible in Bombay, and
the Muslim Minister RXE of a previous Government in the same post,
and he will tell you whether there is any justification for the
law.


Everybody admits that the credit arrangements
of Bombay are in. a. fine muddle. The men. who actually sit:
behind fruit baskets in Crawford Market and proffer mangoes,
havé their telephone tucked behind one of the baskets and deal
in contracts Sometimes to thousands of pounds. These men
may havé houses (in their brother's. name) on Malabar Hill,
the millionaire's row of many-loggiaed, old style Indian
houses with interior courtyards. Tomorrow these market-men
may be bankrupt or trebly rich. They have a week's credit;
if theyfail, they go bankrupt, and carry on.
The rest you can imaginei-you never hear
Indian music, hot jazz has: replaced it; the only dancing is
ball-room; the English out of many mouths is well-nigh perfect;
the ignorance of India is colossal - I did start telling them
about India, but it was too hot.
Today is Monday. We suggested to our guide and
general mentor here that he should. take us. to thè Sanchi Stupa
on Wednesday 2: and he asked, were, we in. such ahurry? He is: a fat
man named Mahmud, and: no lazier than anyone else-hére. It is
assumed that wer shall be here throughout the monsoon, and that
we shall (at great leisure) proceed to visit the other Princes,
Gwalior, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Kashmir Hyderabad and some
others. The day starts at 6.30 a.m., stops at 10 a.m., starts
again at 5p.m. and then you had better go to bed early if you
are to béupat 6 a.m, tomorrow.
You will get some conception of the sudden change
from Bombay to hére when I tell you thati when-we pass in our
pyjamas along the porch guards spring to attention, that. we have
different cars for different times of thè dày, that each évening
at 5 p.m. we have to attend the hockey matches with the Ministers.
I may not know. better, but to me. this is a dream town. It is
on two hills. on the side of a. great lake, and the whole thing is
minarets, domes, Saracenic forts: and: blos'som. The head gear is
the fez. Insthe evening, the Persian carpets are laid, and
the great of the State watch. the jousting. match of hockey sticks
with much approbation.
It cannot be said that the city of Bhopal is in
too good a condition. Most of the proud Persian architecture is
faintly delapidated. But the water is pure, and Bhopal has
four factories, including an ice-cream factory. Nearly the whole
state 1s electrified, and a metal road runs through the city.
Most of the things to see and hear are Muslim, but the Hindus
are actually in the majority.
On the other side of the lake is the jungle,
where there are tigers, cheetahs, panthers and so on. The whole


country is fulljof snakes, and the: time is not far off when I
shall see my first rat in India.
You say in your letter that we: at least are doing
something, but so far, moving from place to place has not con-
stituted daing anything. The hospitality is overwhelming, and
the heat at this time of the yéar is so oppressive that are just
now beginning to come. up. the other side.
Wer think of you a great. deal. We are always
saying that : this or that would appeal to Norbert; and I know that
so far I have failed to convey to you the fascination of this
place, and how it would interest you. How right I was to want
so much to come here.
This bewilderment will pass, and faculties return,
and meanwhile-you must tell me more about you own doings = by the
way, I forgot to mention the boat. - it was a crashing bore, and
had we:not met some surgeons: on. their way to their doom and
military stations, we: would -surely. have thrown ourselves; -ping=
pong bats: and.all, oberboard: I had sempiternal indigestion
from the frozen food, and the boat passed every interesting
sight in the dead of night.
Another by the way. After much enquiry, we
managed to dig up. a showing of the Gujerati. drama in "Bombay.
The audience were mostly Congress men- in: their Gandhi caps,
with their wives and babies. They diplayed, at: thetbox officet,
absolutely no. welcome tous. The play was X a: social drama,
at bout the evil effects of money ând Europeanisation, played
mostly by men. There were only two women in the : cast, 'and
the ugliest men took the women's parts.. The overwhelming
impression (what with the noisy, eating ànd drinking audience,
and the stentorian delivery: of the actors, and: the stychomathia
of the dialogue, and the intèrspersed choruses,) was: that we
were seeing almost exactly a. performance of, say, Aristophanes
in Greek times. The. humous was of - the simplest and most boist-
erous, and the pat thos profound. The music was popular and
frequent. The audience clapped,cheered and whistled every
satiric quip slung at them across the orchestra. By dint of
much persuasion, and sitting around, we managed to get some
phooographs from back stage, atb the performance a week later.
These photographs are among the most interesting things: we have
so far got.
I have kept this letter going, on and off, all
day long; zmaxkEXYONXEXXXEXTKEExnagexthxxtinexemxxxnibm and the rest
will wait until we meet by air-mail the next time.
Auhry L
Lueftm
scf
Thn -


My dear Nprbert,
You must. not také: my: continued silence to mean:
I have forgotten anything. On the contrary, I remember you and
what you have said 6 évery: day. No. I will not write at length
until I am sure that I am moving on solid ground.
In fact, the thoyght that, I shall. ultimately.
state my findings to you. acts asra check on silliness. What
aamoonshine' country this ist How tempting to-bers silly: to
be silly here: is tobe merely charming: tor rant is socially
successful: "toichatter inmystical illogicalities tm and to:
formulate monstrous lies MRKB means no: more than that one is
a man of this odd world.
Here I am in the midst of a preserved
feudalism: I shall describe it when I have. managed to see it.
E walk each day from the Palace: to the village at the gates.
At the moment I can see one and then the other: I. can get no
mental view pfr the both together. Like. a, camèra lens, the
angle of my' mind is: not wide enough.
You know that my mind is fundamentally
anti-social, aRr Philistine and Fascist! I was on my very best
behavious when I came to India: Liberal mindede,. interested in-the:
survival of culturedistressed at the evidenceof poverty
Éhue fxkages fugaces ; the liberal. phase is gone, and I-am
in a riotous mood -of praising every. evidenceof Westernisation,
listening to the jazz music, admiring the modern, architecture,
talking English loudly and confidently, refusing to be subtly
Oriental ( that makes me sick) 9 arrogantly maintaaning my
stand among savages. Do not suddenty interrupt - I am right.
I am following the trend. To do Et anything else is to go against
the trend, to be tourist 9 to be Anglish. Paradoxical, of
course. I was miserable until I saw the paradox. I am geginning
to enjoy India, now that I have admittedit to myself.
My danger was that I am like Hitler : I only see
like THAT. (You remember) Supposing THAT is contrary to what Is.
Diaster. For days I thought it was. I was romantic. I did not
maintain THAT narrow viewpoint. Then-- illusion vanishes-- my
view is their view.
More soon.
well. Tell
the
Keep
news. You
know I consider you one of the greatest men of the age. Genuinely.
My love


% MRS. FIRTH,
TIhMORE GARTH,
TIAMORE RoAs,
Monday, asa 1940 Tasel
PETERSFIEND, HANTS.
Hy deasest Notbera,
Yons auges wild do
uothing, 6
my friend. # i an injuchis
ynirey and a Anedee
to me.
of anunance
Especisly when the angea Ss
ujutfiusle. 9 dave MA witten to
Shat hecauce ust 8 sgue up had time seunph. youy
utoslecin
9 have lo
tilling
paud
ties,
uuat -kuns
94 ya had aotor
Itiee you -do. But 9 Yave lagy. J unuld
wuat beliese
udd. You
UN the
ue. 9 am uld a child
Ya muet ufsene udentind
auy uore.
hese
siifle i these i a
dealto life do.
You muit Aealise taat ti ule ade a
little -cial poup; ule lase an
lsgilatin


aud an exseutive ; uelg-
aqjuier and wearging. epatns also hawe uy
unk, Noberd whiieh yo mut tealise i
unw sencaing 'it elinar jitis a tine
when 9 am leasuing all Ican iu tae
dhotest time paable. Shaue uenes
ustked guita as hasd as khis. Please
uympatliie with wue ; 9 - do wt want
to usd yous Aead aud eeeuse me, asy. you
90 am a child. 9. want ym to
that
ase wnny in
Rusasguing
declente
un wite. ny paseuts aleo want a
lettee every week;
want letten, aud 9 selline-freuds -
aldo
uite bs
am frud to
paun cnd
Yat u
the urt 9 haue time aulsey. fes. 9 Caunss deully
sud,Nod,
ufon
as less
Coshing
lettes witing
lave
ueful than wosking ; uheu 9
finished unk, San tised anot
copued, unfit to wite an
letter. Swant
siellpint
yats undentand all this.


Yau kun 9 haue the gratet sedfetfw
yon, and Aigasel y a ad Oue 0 "Ly orly
seal friendi. Ya kuaw Jall well that
Mur asemy. quide, philorpdes and
ade
trindy
you
my aly tmet-unay adoriot
su any seubjict.
W hethed 9 witi
Eetten UV ukit does ud uake a straw silly
of difference to "yaegasd for yau.
How i
? How i
leclising
akas ? Haw i Qeya tae
? What is Cantridpe
like 7
uill
kusw -do wuch,
9 do
atry
you
euswes this lettea. P
tofe
Inre to ReQ
wnild
fr two lioun you apain aud wit deseusinp
mea ipanttes aud tea.
Heusjes 0 the -liavo 9 haue
you ale a cortinual
afort witl
to ul.
soesee 6 Oplasuse
Cau Stel
a litile alnut Pdenfild (
goyas Mexnes that ftad
alouh
a wuan uom $ met i Retenfielel? ya
Oue


who had lat les hucland, wire euergy
went into
-hes evaeuees Raptys
When 9 atetay tron Cambridpe at
Chsistmas chese was a lettea waiting
lue
fos
wuich trld lud that J was uow Ox 0
hes evaeuees. Yhese ase sie OJus hede,
alen ss guita unsofsessed, We seemto
war lidillectiali' who viit tais
ale ulatty. Vauytry 6 Rouud prfrundl lioue
and ouly sha thendelves 6 lre vain,
-sate
taid-
toks.
9 waut to Heel tall You lota alout
wot. tlay Ssee
aes the Easted wy
iiday? 2
We muder alsarge U when
fam in hondon,
Sordlye, Nosbera,
and do wia wmy 99 seem to
diafheas for a uile
Voun,
Rausies


Jch Roffe, dass es Pia seho
wohl geht, mein Yscund, und
dass Ju Cantidge noch ummea
lichet. Wam wisd des Slity=
kuig in Witkhchkeit aufaugen 2
Nausics


PLEASE, NORBERT You
MUST WRITE
To JOHN
AND AUBREY:
THEIR APDRESS IS:
C/o THOMAS Cooks'
BOMBAY
INDIA.
Yheydo 2o wand t heas toyo
Sonlys
V lauv - CP
PTO
25 OP,
Kepie


to Send 10 C
wV be
Yhont
bur luay
c/o All India Radio,
Bombay.
her J
Mageph,
eesr
aloli to inthi
be tor 9.
han
My dear Maurice,
If you've wondered why I haventt written to you,
that shows you ununderstanding. I should have done I know twenty
times over, but I must put a brave face on it, and say that I
write for my living which leaves my wrist sore and my mind be-
fuddled with half statements and evasions. Such hackwriting won't
do for talking to you, and I've put it off for I don't know how long
from day to day, until now I don't know whether I can even make a
semblance of saying what I think. Lope da Vega isn't in it: Aubrey
and I have written between us nearly four hundred fifteen-minute
plays in the last year; and now when I'm writing to you, I am pausirg
before each line, finding it difficult to make a straight statement.
I have spent more than a year outdoing Shaw, putting six liars one
EXXanX against the others, and not worrying whether the truth
emerges. It gets in the bones.
I have the haziest idea of what you are doing: I
hear that you are going to Oxford, I wonder why, (you know I took
one look at the place and fled, afterwards receiving the news that
I wasn't wanted anyway). You don't imagine that even MHEXXaNEXharinX
your brains will survive Oxford, do you? Surely it would have been
better to have gone to London, and to have found yourself in Cam-
bridge, becuaes in the resultant muddle you might have found some
quiet in which to educate yourslef. I expect an apologia by the
next post. Nobody says whether the scholarship was in English
(which would be terrible) or in History (which would be better,
becuase once you learn what it is, you never want to make it),
or in that best of all subjects for persons in our station, Imitatio
Patricii. However, I was overjoyed when I heard, and my ex cathedra
pronouncement to you is this: my boy, your eldest brother has now
reached an age when it has become apparent that he will do nothing
in living, and for christ's sake do something yourself.
A joy that I miss in never writing letters is the
joy of talking about myself; and I shall now give you a brief resume
of my degringolade since arrival in this godforsaken country. I
intended that this letter should be beautiful and sad. Starting off
with an opium laden quote from Baudelaire, a bout 'un immense
découragement, une sensation drisolement insupportable, une peur
perpetuelle d'un malheur vague, une défiance complète de mes forces,
une absence totale de désir, une impossibilité de trouver un amuse-
ment quelconque. Je ne me rappelle pas être tombé jamais si bast.
and after that sweet incense of self pity, I was going tompass on
to a rapid description of the high hopes I entertained when the
boat came out of Liverpool (with quotes from my own verse) and ending
with a bitter account of my present state (including the present
measurement of my waistline). However the mood has passed off.
(Only explicable by the fact that today I have had a diarrhoea,
and my Freudian undergrowth has probably explained that I have
already created enough toddy, and that a plain statement of facts
is now as much as my faculties are capable of.)
How can I write to you? It's too long by far since
I saw you, and everything that has happened has put space between us.


I don't understand much nowadays, it is as if I have been in hospital
or in prison for a long time. Your emotive capacity and grip with
things must have jumped far ahead of mine during the last year.
You write to me.
You have emotionally jumped forward I imagine EXE a good
ten years, and while I was away, we bacame of the same generation.
Now we both now that the operative thing was that we both lived
in the same teenty years (the other difference in our ages no longer
counts) in T.S.Eliot's 'twenty years largely wasted, the years of
ltentre deux guerres'. Heve you made anything out of it? Poetry?
Or is it all praxis and no poiesis where you are: you see hoss much
I don't know. In a way you are better off than I was: ten years
ago evryone was shouting at me, believe this, opine that, join
this, make up your mind on this and that once and for ali, think!
and nowadays noone at all does any thinking, noone cares what you
believe or what you don't believe, so long as you do the outward
correctness; and so you are free. Or am I wrong again?
Now itis the day after that last par was written and I note
with interest that it contains one quotation (unnecessary) and two
Greek words (pedantic, and anyway implying a misunderstanding of
Plato). To crown it, there is a paternal note which I abhor. Let
us get off the Chesterfield.
Now for my CAREER. I started in a small way and worked up.
So did my waistline. Now, i f you met me, you would find me
complacent, wellbehaved, discreet, hypocritical, pontifical lapsing
into advertising manager Hamesity pomposity, I can raise a neat
eyebrow at other people's misdemeanours, I reserve low toned for te
truth and an oratorical fervour for lies, and I am described by
the C.I.D. here as 'eminently reliable'. Je ne me rappelle pas
être tombe jamais si bas.
We embarked on the diffusion of opinions by radio by
producing each evening a fifteen minute dramatisation of the day's
news, acting it and produsing it, and in time we became so famous
that abuse of us appeared in the newspapers every morning for months.
The anglophiles abused us for supporting the war, and the nonviolent
nationalists X abused us for not supporting the war. (This is lieer-
ally true, consistency is not an Indian trait.) Hnéce we became
the most talked about people anywhere, and our salaries increased.
Which redoubled the abuse; which, in its turn, looks as if it night
may redouble our salaries. At the same time, I had control of the
Hindustani broadcasts, and as I don't know more than six words of
Hindustani, this was a great success. (A contradiction in terms is
a WOW here, royal road to success). I wish I could send you some
of the headlines IMENON AND ROWDON DO THISI MENON AND ROWDON DO THAT',
but they're too big. In this regard, this is probably the most
hilarious time I shall ever spend. The standard of the press here
is low, but inventive. Last weck the radio station played a piece
of music called Panis angelicus', and a very flattering review appear-
in ed in the press thehext morning - 'An exquisite rendering was given
of the famous 'Pallis 'and Jellicus', and of Sibeliusts 'Valse Trieste'.
You're wrong: it was written by an Englishman.
Then we went for a holiday, a few days in Goa, the place
where Vasco da Gama landed up when he first got to India. It belongs
to the Portuguese, it is pretty and dirty. There is an abandoned


city lying just putside the main town, of cathedrals, cpnvents
and monasteries, all in the finest Spanish Baroque style, huge and
white, a grandiloquent assurance of the obstinat te belief that
christianity can be transported lock, stock and cathedral, into
anywhere. Grandees lived there pretending it was home, and now
when you clap you hands there, bats two and three feet across crash
in hundred out of the trees and the belfries.
(I can laugh. What else do I do but the same, as the grandees
I mean. I surround myself with books from Enlenad, gramophone records
from England, picturereproductions from England.)
One midnight, in a full moon, six of us went up the river,
got drunk on vluptuous Portuguese wine, and nearly upset the motor
boat with political squabbling. The palm trees on the bank looked
queer, as if mocked up for a film set. They were like black frets,
and would have been rather trivial if everything hadn't been so
huge; the echo of the motor boat was tens of miles wide, and the
jungie - well, you get used to jungle, but not when it's a big as
this. The cathedrals on the hills say ten miles auay looked like
a ghost story, or like French romantic verse. I could run my hand
in the water by the beat and pick up the minute phosphoerescent
fish. When the hand is cupped and held to the eye, they sparkte
all over the fingers. Then my hand hit something hard and knobbly.
Endeavouting hard to stop my teeth biting into my heart, I casually
asked, 'Are there any, by any chance, do you think, perhaps,
crocodiles in this river?' My wine-providing host answeredifes,
thousands of them, thousands'.
After that purple patch, we returned to Bombay, but before
that tell Norbert that one day while I was shaving (we lived in a
couple of huts, very primitive) a rat ran over the shaving soap, and
I WENT ON SHAVING. Even my repressions are repressed in this new
bourgeois glory. We went back to radio, and did you hear me broadcast
from London, on one Sunday morning, when I said Harmy 'eadquarters.
The recording man from London braadcast back grudgingly 'Hundred per
cent intelligibility, but tell him for God's sake be more careful'.
I do hope you or Mum or Dad heard my little contribution towards the
brightening up of the BBC programmes.
The latest baby that I suckle is the French broadcast every
night from here to Europe. (Pick it up one night, 5.30 Greenwich time,
I don't speak of course, but youtll know I'm kicking if not alive).
This isn't drama, it's newspaper work - fussing Reuter telegrams
together into some semblance of news.
forgot to
itis on,
thirty three metres. huk hos, it foblas a thorgh jihor lan tiinhed S2Y Mhu
reache,t auh Lyphetie ya
Here
the
aEAr
rest of the news: probable that a selection 6f our
radio programmes will be published in the autumn or winter - no liaison
left with Europe, so they will have to published here - dead end.
Will send a copy for your derision.
There are a couple of friends here, svelte daughters of one -
time High Commissioner in London, who posed me question'Do you know
your namesake, Maurice Rowdon?' I admitted blood relationship. 'You
don't mean to say that you're the brother of Maurice Rowdon? I
admitted that I did mean to say, and it appears that they think very
highly of you as a poet, and the new regard to me as the brooher of
Maurice Rowdon has only recently died down. Which is only reasonable
seeing you have published nothing for a long time. Why not? And
they adored your photograph.


Re your photograph, Aubrey wrote a very lovely play
about it, and put it on the air, calling it 'Portrait of a young
man smiling', and giving the most accurate details of your
conversation on Charing Cross Station when we left. I played
you.
About this being in India when I'd rather not, I find
that I dotted out some verse on the beat coming out, like this:
I know that I have dreamt and gone again tc seeming places,
squandered all my now for soon,
and, Alexander into Asia, burned my boats,
and turned my back on moated faces,
on you who have no courtyards to your hearts and no gates there,
who have your pleasures stored and let no others near!
If I knew that India was a seeming place, why did I come?
and is it true, what I said about the english, or had my tail got
lodged between my legs?
Nowadays, I grab at dying things. Mat thematics and the
kindred philosophy you remember I used to read, I still read, at
intervals, but it is all old stuff, nobody does anything new.
And you cannot expect anyone with any sense to follow any other
poetry besides, say, Eliot and Rilke. The flouncy upper-middle
boys write schoold magazine stuff.
I might give you Dylan
Thomas, but is it any use reading nice words cloaking such abysmal
ignorance? Auden is a journalist, with the spirit of a Calverley.
Spender, obsessed with his own profile, gets published too easily.
McNeice makes a pretty advance on the Georgian tradition, but
he makes all his poetry up. That doesn't say what I mean, but
they all get their inspiration foom one another's poetry. Except
for Day Lewis's translation of the Georgics - I thought it
beautiful, and I was alofist gonvinced, so I got Auden's Another
Time, and - -
: = mele's not as good as Alexander Woolcott.
And did anyone write any music in the last ten years? I believe
one or two of Stravinsky's more trivila pieces came in that time,
but nothing else (Bartok perhaps, and Sibelius, who's an island).
Is anything more worn out than surrealism? The monotonous filigree
of Finnegants Wake, as far as I can see, merely scribbles away on
the surface of everything. One catchpenny biography of Joyce claims
that the book is based on the writings of Giambattista Vico and
Giordano Bruno. How nice it must be to be really educatedi
All right. Sour grapes.
Now this is ten days later. You notice I take good care
not to date my letters. Because this is how it always is - ever
since I wrote the words 'sour grapes' I've been caught up in a lot
of time-wasting oogy-bloogy which it would be tiresome to report.
Nowadays I'm so discontented with everything I do, that I don't even
dare reread this letter, for fear I tear it up. Why one should not
be content to live miles from the C entre of a volcano during eruption
I do not know. But it's so. And as for India, it is a fake civilsat-
ion. Nothing here at all except a long, long tradntion of bad quality.
The languages - myriads of them - will not express anything. Buckets
of prissy mysitg mysticism. The architecture is abominably mat tter-of-
fwo fact, a prosaid piling of one stone on another. Sculpture had a
short burst, of painting there arexmotheaten examples in the whole
country - and these have a dreadful calligraphic sameness.


Religion is everywhere you tear tread, boneheaded people bowing
and scraping, gabbling over and over and over and over and over
the same ululations - an earnest lady asked me, Mr Rowdon, what
will your impression of India be when you have left it3 and I
ansawered, millions of raised behinds', and she thought I was
being witty earning my drink). If you calculate how many millians
of times the words Mahopmmed or Shiva have been ululated in a
rasping tenor to the disease-laden air, I should think only a row
of beans would stretch as far. The poverty here is appalling, but
the upper classes are alive to it, in Southern India they have evan
gohe so far as to throw open the temples to the untouchables.
Ehe standard of eduaction id appalling too, but great efforts are
made, and every year we have more educated men and women - teducabed'
means able to recite multiplication table up to thirty or forty
times and to get at least six standard English books off by heart.
Of course, what the British should do with India is to push it
in the sea. The inhabitants would make a better impression on
the world as séa anemones.
Once I believed Trotskyts analysis of an old country reborn, when
he makes much of the idea that a backward country can summate a
hundred years of a civilised countryts progress in ten years or
even five. After the event, Russia can compass in five years what
England took thirty to make. So the theory goes. But it is all
wrong. Appazently a country has to earn its assets. India has had
Radio, railways, roads, irrigation, science, modern flats, everytherg
handed to it on a plate. Nobody in India ever did anything to
afke these things; so, they set no value by them, what comes so
eas ily can be kicked around. Radio commands no respect, purdah /
curtains âre put on- Cars,(to keep the baleful eye of the male off
the women) notices outside huge blocks of functional flats say
'hindus ohly', "Vegtarians only', there is no. system of gambling
known in the middle ages of Europe which iswidely practgied a.mong
business men here, the film industry is used for turning out
tawdry pre-raphaelite two-hour epics of langour.
Since all the things of thelast two pages are not all that I have t
grumble at, it is time I put a curb on my petulance. Besides, the
hens in the censors office here will have anything I say all round
this parish. And so, before finishing, after saying everything I
don't like, I aught to say what I like. I suppose itis Alexander
Pope, two glasses of beer, grumbles and a brother to write them
to. I want to see you all again; and one day wanting will turn
me foolish, and I shall come back to England in a hurry. Until
then, I wait for a long record of news from you, I say once again
how sorry I am not to have written before, I say it to Mum and
Dad, give my love to them and Leslie, say L'm writing now to them,
show them this letter, and please take carkner your own self
specially.
all ry
gshu.
Give my leve to Norbert - is his book appearing? How doea he like
things? Tell him I miss him i still do. On receipt of his address,
I shall send him a letter. Entirely without obligation. Tr: and
phone Jean Shepeard for me, give her my love, find out how she is,
give me her address. And Kenneth Hall, did you know him? Was he
caught in France? and Benny, was he? Whom else do you know of mine-
tell me about them all. You forget, I'm a colonial now.


Tylmore.Uarth,
Péterdfield,
HANTS.
Pebuary 3.1941.
: Ay ideàr, Norbers,
Thank-you som much for your encouraging letter. It'was
b,5 A
indded good" 1 to read the judgements of someoner Irespect and admire. -
"Nothing is clearer to me than what
said about sodial
you
.casie in rélation to acholerghipei.ir'une Oxford results there was hardly
one RESHIR, award whichdid not go to a big Publid'Schdol. There were
some veryibitter commentson this among the seme. of the. candidatesil spole
e to at Oxford: some of thèm wererattempting a scholarship for the fourth
or fifth time. isthink' I agreé ' with the Yaster, of Balioi's conviction
that very often scholarship people come up to College warped in mind :
and. body. Incessant work has had'disàtrous .effectà upon me: it has
"ruined a pronisire prose style and a: lively enthusiasm. in one Hirection.
* crowther(my English History master).has been very : nice about it. He:
said aat_mary_jearei-ago teachers seldom conceraed thèmselves with. the
temperament of tibeinjscholarship.candidates, very, ungidely,.Crowther
"mathtasined. He suggested that I. needed about a'month'sreal holiday,s
during which.a text-book should not,be looked at. Butsthat; asthe
'réalises, is impossihle with.another oxford scholarship $C near. Your
e see, Norbert, "there is no way, of getting outrof oneself'down here, no
meane of relaxation-- no real friends, and a duli,. maddeningly middle-
class 4 town.
cod.
à I.4ppreciate'your suggestion that I shoula/eome lighter and
mcre' whimsical, literature: I shall-read some Hazlitt, althoughi çannot
tolerate Lamb, probably because L'haye read so,imuch' of him*. At the.
t Ta A4f
noment I am. dipping-into some Philip,ouedalla and some Lyt-ton Strachey. o
Crowther has given pog-(interesiipe.books designed to drive away the
heaviness: and scientific-historical depression."
Yes, the question of balance is important. HTo a :larzge extent
I have 'sublimated myself, and I thinkwthat I's possible after a certain
period of worko I no longer have the desparate. yearnings whhch I was
at one time so prone to. There 'are times when Lt appears that I an
livingronly for knowledge and ideas; there arë times when ideas flow
through. my head at a furious ra te and I seem to be. a different orxganism,
a: 'sort of detached thinking maching?f But I am not so sure that self-


d bealrly
transdendent Blism It renders one unfit fortsociàl intercourse and
drives fout the wide, enjoyang temperament, if it is carriëd too far. L.4
Berhapslt havé carried it toorfer; I was called sexless some 'time' P
250, forf (thei first time intmy. lifé: F That. 18
a S:
good,and I'must,
not I
you put: 4t, cheere up and stop vorrying "*
you with my peressing, self- f
1 At
-analyste.d
4 - ras a t5
I. am indeed sorry to hear that you have heard nothing from
your parents.. I should think, however,that the persecution of Jewe
is byno means, as extreme
yas in
are
sia, * a :
as,it
peace-timer the Geemans
cis
now fully absorbed the
and a
war,
pogrom-s no longer: needed
st ti L their aninal +. emotions..
As. * you "have probably seen, I ahall bé in the"arny quite soon.
In some, respects tirat may be welcome, aithough it may well turn out to
Fa.zemoralising: the evidence, of the last war seems. to
prover thatostudea- :
nts returning from the var haverrenewed intellectual vicour. and return to.
"their. studies. with penewèd, enthusiasm.
Put ite yery,depressing to think ahead: there seems to
ren
bayhor
security whever one looks, and perheps one d'ay we snall know whatswe - re
fignting
IUTR"6D-TPONTORT C
concep
of our, aims, But. ve shall see
Do wri ite again: I enjoy your lettersa
a hould see ea ch ath-
er'pefore the, eighteen-group is callea-up,
Goodbye, my friend,
Yours Ever,
Mantice
P.S. Perhay Jou know "thet. willino,t be granted exemption* The F
privilege is only exterded. to scientific students. I'knewsthat the
Government would not for,long continueta exerpt schaol-. andeUniver
Aemnt -
students. lt is apity, but-University life inxEr war-time is hote
very real and there are many diversions,
soe


49,Waldron Hd.,
Earlsfield,
London,.
May Ist. 1941.
Dear Norbert,
Fromyour silence I as,sume that you have either
moved or are in the process of doing so.
Some complication has arisen as regards my
going to Oxford and I shall not be going up until October
after ald. So that I have some months in which to learn
and create-- because I have much. to create.
I have had a spell .of illness and have only
lately thrown it off. Do you think you could put me up
for a few days? I should: not disturb your work'.ofcourse,
andu should.likex to continue
my.own.
rittn
Does thati
feet-with your
approval?
used. to honest people and ifpou-feel 5
that itris, impossible
you must tell me quite frankly. Pleasev write as soon as
you can and tell me the decixion,won't you?:
Hoping that yourare as well as you were
when. - last 'I saw you,
I remain,
Yours Ever,
Plausice


H9 waldoo Ra.,
Hoday aauGH. H!
Jeat Urtbest,
Hharkyn Lo uuel to
easd and
pns
ipeomatin
Baheran,
9 ahale be
tas ytsum and shale teal hes ale. -lering Cslie
Rayi
the wey, Lckee vaoy uuch do ueel
und umbd.ly
Ause ym wonld sde Wke het dro).
Yau
Kau o-lruaatin had an setanely
luea oftis ule. flay teul ua dai Kewt vitisutinggst is Rau to
the
vasied erllaction
Ohewe
laimaig Htpe
and
puspe.
9 came tr tome
whicl
Letind
ta mrtind
aunol
eitlee
zuti
dend
aluting
Palale
litlle o sthe eeridene Gellatid a
Iming Some bs
disenes whethed Centite Mt
taik wark
stlra
dawven
1oz
taure) has
sund Ahea
mnt
t the 14
Kerh Av
lig drss
Ahes
to0, s find ont Uhals
mny
thigs, Phad
almt tte
oracthy thie
loqu f cte was,
44-pickos
thaiis halits aud geactiins
aud, alme all
taus
the um
wele iu tlae uew
3 a udr guita a osfiest us sussredinye 9 aeen to


make J hele-
t.0's. cietsutins wede a
and 9 was
drga oque
tta Jta tura slus
iub
werke
wielyutons
tring
and
Yime
tosuchiy
limilid
AtuR
sanlly sechantive
Oha ueods a whsle tae
sesewed
iedgatis lining
eevesal woaks, Haseres, Ysetioned
b hado
andl
tatr
tianiehed ko. witl
sofoy Cas has b kay in tnel wie Aem
wher away). May
saryar my vivectgalin LLo
profirin that thay wantu ks pul ue On anfles
tot alurt unnadialaly
the Ka-elacting at
toweses, 9
teastompe.
Amprnl
wyistid
umla have
(sléceyt
Geen veay stanley) aince
dat
Pfael
uausk do
daal
Cese
of seadinggs I
yme
fawdays
& Sant lon
wb au
ofra
the BBC susrey (diset Zuestining e
tymia) Chich takes only 30h has
9 aln
thal
adry.
24 haue sulahlished
a selsable de tv b.0.
aad tis uyrel C
usful iu rriw 7 thte
dabe
tout shut lauy Bayad ue
+2/c0 ound ala sofenu Lov a wedei wok,


8 Jldat
a Judiggta (il lns aud 9 shald
Jwap kun sat is do when Jan trdcol of seoding
lofes aad soying Jts unite sthom, when Phave becma
2 meay unlsoveslad a l5 be ualusable. 40 s
uitaruting ti salk Js ale ttyfe reple- tm sthe
hay unl sr khe clnes unsducatal Crekey who hay
ammstdiig Jbs cay cnd a funch in whar he
Aud she avesty
lue a
saye:
laygh
alml unfemgellu
whiil
many edlings
whislahonstade,
Juich
a Lu ogse
toe
with
L astile Yeaw 4 haik:'s 6. iu
Rogoeii Lews' petolyy. 9 nuuat
sefanr
Geen miilad
(cew 4 tthe state cay
Phad
-clau pinin
d is So eaLy & 4
mpbts
aonetling eaily ausued.
iwriigils who had
uised i aad Cerete a
uneaglau sople 4 ale
tyfu cale ut salk as
a hauki dres
almur
ftibey
uheis
Inv tai 3 tn
L Cttas thalr
Ltad
waent
intuded
tamble. Yuu
shal Kaki is udr
Sti
pluriu
say
gry
America C ym Lee lns de
erssufl pepl ?)-hur
lamisisye whese ehe wile (e in Oetrhes.
Su shines
huarlo His Head.
lo unte when ym howe time. Yo
- feel tfant d N


ligh dine kkar we seretabliaud A
which
trundilif
Rmebaine tael ib be ligatly On the wane. 9
Aemain yrur ceses taithfi friind
Tandice
buhes sta ITAL I Nlay I aold D posayh? 9 selayad
sending ttii So lang ttial 9 w bhink ur wonl while
a send yo Jthe Rpar 9 made
lgyticking a
I do Wpe
tind ar
tal
intording
kilful
5 tn aliak
conld setuan
whien
hly
C hane
wita
9 do
tiihed
us ueed Jr
nth
tr Koei Opesiatin have tisee cfier
4 ym wite ytes Yaurday wnld
tm addsess
lettce So
UNWERSITY
COHHEGE, ordasit Jain pringto Yriday.
I feel on Le ahole vexy sendytr wole
thar the semstimal difraetis have coaghlane
themulre our a
tg mite
Yre. Swes
b Ba
iner
A A
RS. Kasi seuds hes mpuds.
Taurice
1 t


Audtics Rostesfles
s lod tase auyone
woild like lug 66
luaak iu oxfrdl edeu ym gend addseses
a smathing shak go. Palsody
uns gme
undedgs gaduales Cof stfle
aded tyhe) Iu uoald lke gane ufluence
outindo enlege Ya slre Unuse a
ktoargily lacking Cu stable
Kasi will udr uptes ulo he cmning6
Canlridge (uk it Weling whase the will
lunyle tor a Mew uham gehlaselif
do life ym ae well
uoite FoDn


(139 guly
Z6A valdmm ld,
sarifald
Deat lahbest,
G unctsfadotenaig Reskeaal : witl
A L itun lecvchy masuillaus Paillot
inl
-lopsenm
Ru Mietss-llaul yasuint lueitily thany wefo
lthe skiud bulesnits t yu uake ue. Yaus Beally
ase uinke : fiud dhicu: augne ebu: g - feicas -in. the
A wosedli aidimulat
phatitules Aueuhae apunfeelt desf
dii werdis
witlinet yashrthoingh npaye
tain Wellsthiip fiade 9 tioffeiing
Ay-tle way, tlie
udosuatinal sitiatei Ef
pettp
toit
Aattega uske fruiidolle a wiltt til) aalasg Ray,
X aldlupsaderd haffeiiigal dlauniit thianhiupast soud feeliuo
thaie sdip. Wiheur Fudo coung -
Jonue lou - acline
tle Alwday Roihtuypadf
Whatid uitillpticet
Wlbie feela uillisi : Aeueitive thuigs audl a
million slittlet ideas teptodiuef
Y: beip
aridindual A. at least k ofithetreustiult dete?
bs doen aupYou-Diki dampol aciitos inges
teelyt teto ediud luop 2'r Siauciesod Uo
putliey
bi dmit Heal!
lutt lio olas aagihg wbuncuke,afat,
- iu. eecualityh
ai eudtonts 3 her Stetto all Uy
feeulias tiuplita by hoeulina foelings wese untdlees
auduillsie vaiiabloa De anspovoldis Wlen 9
Still yai that 8 deete feol, feely
Joel,
frel,
likosthd little d. Pludi af * tho tiient
ataugs
aud that avoice theivbice Quie EGO
M sluaipr fainp ai etoduge-Coleinatin
teei tthat:


othes ue, Uo always theso; le: liouta souetimes
nud jibes slonctuies .aud le Aaps: I Lorh, lnk,
pneicubi a failise Haushave pailed Lou oftou
meatuso.tarlligi illedenyu Lo uueli fa yhu to
liabu aud it will Ce tonuiveli foriynes
wile ueues dilfil yaus auliton
flraur Sau
Yor
10 walik aluap chccinus, enctinuble When you
legin to iiti a au esday A-claldi Aay Iuld,
uindypar cainut definduis tlat inlliaiil
stye
Ayukidays youse -
Oler lotbrt
what eaue Aidotosatre
: Quuctshill
Sidaurs
tlat
EGo cioh lemilit killin a meti Llas. caugupido it 2
le uuat be daufied out lulmomacae sunth
linfislip.
te atollmp taat Suover ne
tt Wepeelp. d %
Neaidun Aclilny
ploauay 8
aat
sEnd
l vio
uetuahaliup
Korhid
thinliti -
- slo vmicd a HOU
you
ade sittiup drm Etcow.
l Rudlaudiupad A
ftou
(L3 he
2, Eveiy eordi
: U . : AA edo
mayulie sulpords tiup
Lit :
will
Lde a Svidish utellpeue
scuidinty Buta ali
what
iaice 6 hayint L
LhA
PatENOUCH.
9 dealic eutieliyngs
uicailup sleupas talk
itle lach. plranedyg Au. tle
dstist
Suplieli
attiues wleu hecill ut agyuolut lic ucaus
Rertos


aud, desliite the faet that te uay auno Liatiod
oP tlo social laun apaiuet free lne, fells uto
tho lal ly tencinuly atflip dlue bheu
meutin Fumalactinty tlio decual oopaus
ase cu Jaue way enuueeted uitl
Welli & kww. P au ut
frm
Jtliis
mhp
Qut
Lam alaptiyiup tneteug
uith uyuy t lhuuli auay itie aofacuuns 9
unw thiuk. that i,u tiue 6 nluw Ge 1 the
lest seeults Qthin etuppe Mle lwem came to
ue guits Ruddeuly B guite udtutally
Sceolit
far nua luiezale was Aiatauay autfino - - 8
this lpget? - Klio woad I lisa' a tao alayp
seclscurin for ARs sefeaciip tho asiue 8 lignid
Fatid tou tae (euis.
8 Aligla hhae yai tousmno wouinp
(Wadueaday) to aasauge a uotiip =
unll
ahit 8:
2.0 dclok do?
9a aurit a * deseriflin
Lusuually uidfsiup cnusereatin uill
AEe
auteobioliput.
Hussal frv utollipeut enuerelin
audl
wlieu 8 au a itultused aud authontalive
Hora, Pulia we way have as iutoluypint ues
lrpethes Hlese uuet bea.lA fov wie 6 uudrelind!! /
Cheasio
Yar 2a


Y6A Woldm ld
Salupiied
Peas lolist,
Qscut
Lople stafird P 9 duu
do Romy alnit
wliat luftened
it was
siufly wamdalle
fou kunt that ue Aos mn
beduesdaye, dut yau -
Well,
9 achod tle
wauty u clarch to *leae ue for
ent. lio hindeded
aud kelit
mee,
tor a: sefily. uutil tli Ly
uokuiug (Wadueday) waittig
wlieu le flatey afured at last it was
tos latz iu the uming t (slene yn eudl
Puffered (uygs A Cntieuce
fediptlat
You uiglit Crue G Watolo y writ - 9
lilje you didit !
Geuelas tlie luseu i feliseo urite trdlaif Mundy)
uetip emaugneut
almet selirday lallgt
of wliataner yfor lefes, y
RS. sbe lad a
Yan
Rautice
tor trom yalin.


HIDN LCr HT
Suddenly t6- foadk
Klie uiduglt laud, to turst
Hlie fragile fuiges for the aadiat foy
Wliile the flat elesfy aud. the sop-cats eusl...
Yo catel klre seuey utan
furt as you Ale thie fuesy lifhita
draging OA the distaut leke /
Ya may wlisles luset wokds
Aud lean uto
khie uipet
Enpettigy wy ped à eut fnvo...
Hy-tate u of thick Lublets setauttuig
Himyl tlie stacati lrelaw uulielued
ar stru -eaupht vestels liaueuaide tr the Ala. .
Jead uuheasiug frauch wite stzel
Slattug seaudal iu little pmys
du sliody Alun- sthot -Cohues
Gttait yau aeenli = Culit suile that uiduget
-paiigs
bialy tureting ufp : taiis lifu t cuber
aud Aunlliig theis wniths to Alist-
Ylio wliile desige to atifle dain
Ous uativre ulesidee aud kite-free :
uhement,


Husre
Moone
Mauiie 7 - (2-7 1979


gubout
fsA Waldin Rrnd -
Ealeifised
Deat Hobbelt,
Oh! I Jami dufully
smy that 9 dilit wie do yo
laut eveniup!
Idid Jopet
acally rdeally deally
aust i
9- uns mt lutause Y uis uy
ujulf tf uas okivy ald
day.
Wuuk-ya vely wueti fos
eudip! uQ the 'Fact' Grook.
oh liaw Jricilatug 9 foud'st.
Suag tiy tlat i aaid it in,
eury keuteuee, - u a preat
dilenely to ue - do
Jtaut Phaie Takeu abpern d
eng uitas ou ouly 30 hages 8)
hsiut
osgauin à uungaw
tare >


ou intoudip i
tu iod C
telliip
Feake
lryp
gad you ale. Po
asotnr
dhat
a'n uoke hid t ul
Aas oce auyaiflas beeu iu
uy life !
Yfoel Qo helflees aud
salfiel alnut it,to - gam Ro
ernecieuee -stiukes wheuene 9
ploaue you
fooliip that 9 hawe
mnobedyal umey wliich you could
jule 6 a bettas lulhre I Joslisp
têat 9 hawe wasted you Aeung
tinio. Yai eau do uftiup to
diine tlat cnucieuel Quay. 9
waut ym to uudretaud liaw
abtie 9 affuetiate uugy lununit
Ltbat ya lay ue, emy sift
tliut
destns ou (ud. 9
Jeel ja Keny deefily that 9
"unt seho you u snue wou s j
C L


iu L
zurhly uill L m
ghut
your
tauk you ouee une fov leudiip
uie auch A lvok. 8 thiul that
lunw 9 haue euded uy
Wiel
utensoly
frisas
untl vntal 9 trueli uum fit
uut iu Hlue lunetié dieaulaisl
llorw i
Irh
griup ? Vle faet 3 do tala
Qu italeet
Arok
aud gem une Vope klrau
ANNONE IN THE WORLD to
ead it - !
wly dnit
tell
uo: uunke alnut it I theu
lasti
tuiue 9 RaL - yau you did uh
AQY a undl alnit the Ridfoct.
Sschtacelsg II! a. si
NO na


w A -
hisee 1 Win s
undegaip the Vukeut
ioi
aud boliase wo, 9 uudretaud lins
Yfour waehiue hesates loo, But
Aleace Reneuly flat all ttat
gie luo altlunge 9 way Rtu
E ugrateful aul acfiah yol
acthngl 9 do uA Haukh tu éo wolly
feautfal unds tayto lse lss
a gead effeet o ul aud % feel
fat Ayu ufatty euud
delg
cuu Too eulanacsed rape fatt llauk
yai fiatily uheugam witl you
uudretaud linw Pfeel! Vey
yau blae ue holly uith
- aud tluct i Fetary
lejer Ho wleu A0ATT Hinlip
snuene iut a!
'4 alall urite k
LAn
apain
CALT Aaweh 6 Aotope a
a. à


Y6A Waldia Ra
Sallefield
340 Ougut, 1939
Reos Hohest /
Paureisd
lettear lcaukya
Ao luelir
y Acallys todmd at the deloy,
fint fall thapit thut ym hadut
baue bo Caubripe aud
Iilned ynit flat
tinueses I yne
leullady told ue tlat yachod:
gaue auole
we pas adosess
Rwar fut
puefaiing ky PULEL t ya uhen yred lattes
eaure,
8 ldie
lufe zhat 2
Ahall ho alile t eaue yist KONDAY
uert.
Ry fesutz ate udt apaist theideg
the ualey uigat lie a little afftult
trulever
Can ya Wasce tell ul this? -
Mlall Pele alile t ul. the tibsaly i
Gaindes audl laule acsess t Lat least
love lrok at a tiue ?
Plis i eetaumely
jinfentaut
au & ( haue liceu siludsiyp tu Lirg
lordie lunio 0 olay do far ()
aud
shmld 4
Joibe f leefh it Yp.
flit i Aeally ale Phowe f
ldy
Poily ledfs thrat yor ake gjute Cubys


audiale uh wosliug ltro hiaed
Eloo tle.
ueathog 7
lau you wite uusdistoly you
hercive tliu letteg
oussediyp uy gueting
plout the Oroke?
Vau laut lettee pllind
parfrrte u the yfalm diddt
ielly
peccived
the eueulyg Athe salue day,
iot tliati LE prausorite istus thic usuiyg Pehall
percise yair sefply Adi Kridanesering suel lie
dalile 6 seud yaut a lettee ly tle uplit.
Hunty tulliyp fau
thie argdagoments Las
Moudoy
uudositdut lut Belesdds - lilota
Sundayfsce t baek ete
Elljyp ym akerfully uell
Vrun
amire


Y69 Waldnn Ra,
Ensufild
Peas lodest
Yhauk-yas do uuueh
fols yous : lettad
Pau uft
alitually c suffosos
lay -
I lut the Sytra altack
Moa linol lias died avayo YES
SIRR:
Wauh-ya for yoes
Bites Wiicli wa: lluinatip.
gau low autliip donri
6r lialded w. Qut NOW
Pfaud apelfluindosed ly Aliv
faple,
vruniiunus HAof-yon cettoj,
* yaut
Ttaw a fuwy
alsut a Heninu Alfuge lven 1


Newstatieui -lation - tlis week
Yhale -yon lo uucli fo
Yout slavely lettes.
Cuud,oh, eould groe
yoe at. Watisloo Statim (Y
tliu Ruiti youpenure) at
TO.PM
of thic Riliol
sefusis 6 letuis go owiup to
suing i liaue A
mostrugi o
dtline- arpaugeueut
liald
alud you atelpsau atbe'clak
Qusl 9 uuet tliauh
yar: vely uueh fov ttie letteo
you naut Ue
Prheubie
PS Yous lotted duelt op SARCASH


H9, Waldimn Re 7
faslafielel
hondoi
Jataaday auo 313k1140
Fwoit8
Mydeat lisblsesk
L arideally a
gocuk Acliel -6 daas tod
LF laslc.
SE appeass fon
. Nettes
dts ar
dad udk
- Af L
Cio" tme
uxton Caufy aud N umdesed
whethis shad heen Launoded -
a unte br dae Huyton ductlionlied
lokebieck Conce Duiiig sthe
lettes vaud ttley stellue thiak
Aon liad heer demaied to
sele fele hau Alase
dirt Aé laik twb' lintley
Etayingd pak yar addscas


2 fned Cambidge abnt Jine
times iu Oke sedeuing at PG
ttins
my atteupte I ls pok
shold of TAs Yose al
Camhidge failed. Haveses, dle
weuh Uie taua
bunt fia hisesfol wnid
Lerlle trme steld age, -
uead
you Meek
lue
luing
dm 9 Sakout ds
a - / Var Ad sonks?
dio: id vy atle tife, rand Saa dhall
seid iko,
lettes 6. Nuyto 9
Huctl uhe
tiine 9
was Harng in a
villape
pnede
heas letirhild Nhal R wnt
a month - qo andi waus with
Wmue sogret thak we lolk fa
houdon
ulee Sahabada
dittle sente with tface friende


all alnde
age Yense
out lifo dant uas emflebly
toy-dhanys sue luanaged uncal's
beik weicaild wuskdd oo
A A eroa ette
Aetiied fr bad
ak m n the uduing aud gose
afner deveu
tûe
bantiul coeatleo thie wale
Ar uns I fm thak little tillage
Etaak 7 inte tr
: iu ttak
Netteo Y sertitn hesfaek
E cetill
E Srdd
althalgh 9 daduk the stiter
Latildelion ctheu 67 kuaing
takt Helmaw spatalenis
distinction will le e leaued.
#r does Liom eleusd
thak
a vehemeuk senemy 4 -
E dled Tand ald thak ais
iuflies, shald ha frersted
fonn fastupatang iu a utaupple


which avital t
asik
6f us.
Bul Ldo LagEn thinh
Ani autioliis ase asuhah
sighted as ut Sr
aalease
Lean oly Moke sincerely
saur Lule
vioy som Str
lya long Leusn siuce we disenied
jaut fak sufiete Hr Luyinolesd,
very utoses € +. - A L
thak
saniea lae piinng seathes o
snial k4y eliodon 77
aud
untlinur lks!
Ya Aave a
wOLy
leetuses
vedy Auhdine taA al dhelame
time kunslideca ble.
Yoraub lne alruk the! Astointa
dud the slelulateliif sae
Ahaver pendee takeu - atal
w lo famic, and
wewk vedy siuotily. podrt Qd
wiich ladt tos a math is


densee, a
itrain
ufa the My ptal Arly
Bit Yau
Puu udt
woeak and tal. sidr sussendes
Acannd dell you show
seiulta tand: - T the
uill ty
penubee e * dehyed lrp he
unt.
9 canud
Eaak
did a well Las L E alit Kaue
doue ut uooe sesles does
lallay? tr
Buk A dad a plaind
INT peik fa a math apes
bheleam
Nais A - she seemd dimed Aave
Aetasued fr tleis slethecaftas
au oiio-gaid
We lase hok
Yog tturo days,
HutE talolet Sthe
shave Aeen
liutessouk
We hase Juek
shad ous wscth uiuce:
hudrisgs oud retlies day tataly


ust loug hegun. hauk Luplit
lue had Loi8 dlrisd slewen-
-hout saidsiuce Honday
aae dhe saidate vedy euentfn
Jhe auti-aicsalr
AC Jaase
ase sionetimes
A L
Sae
mak thelliig thin
ghaise
Aeasd iceime iu tde ulmale
ais 9 shis wstaing uhoni
a plane chuolatnueh-le i
laa oos oe
02 utlie dliahlid 1 ld cliul Im
L pain - -
pettined all his
Conbs af sleaik we de ALALQ
hondid - d tef h Hitles 6
U de A
4 wuaih Euith 3 litele wose
d fasible uk tde dyfeuces
Nede , muk -le Orayord dabtr
eceellenk
Adoud kuow
Futay
hondonsi Seau ol do E


wsk idebeial a tince wherii
ak leait > liphk itudy
kentiall dit Paemociu fiele
beraure riale Vaedy
ideserting J kuew defe dae
Aaide - Aigau in houdon thak
tce hodones umuld ssadapk
Hinalf admortaly byy the Euen
Conditions. and Jhe Aasidone
de in the wak d intarecting
Lnee
hasmris, slt the fags
detaffeads Nae honidin à
ita eiting iu ittie hith
uet
Man inventi au ihe
caacki
mauy eall
planes (theie thaol
fasulise hos
Lchug
$ Y eliial
lry Qd AT
lieltes
X wrild


gine hack tae tine old
M iguily aud sseiesve of the
Eugtielimuen - wmuld becoue sehced
u Jace A danges I
d doey
ls a sertent
lak u i
Iteu alfahe wmmen whos Jall
seadily cuko emuedation
ith itsaug 8. Nhu
illuminaling aud
ssutat
AAM 4 in -
2 dope Masd- oreesisn
uessi-e
sthe deautions Athe
hondones, Gesause they shnld
be udtedeitiing wheu dualyeed.
trnk do 2
Botaass aio o-said siuce le
laekuatince slas Luuk tiuihesl
Nae hadoes kop
Lis
dugnonfi and
Ntenie
Hitles jauumehly Jaels aaak lie
i AMRL aing oud mosale
Yor ack
lonwl thesecholasel


slisiu
uewd Btl hietoy
Maetiss
me lask
desm and'
staied sto
lue iuto staking a kietouy toud
Sulaid 9 unld waik. Yoo a
yids uow 9 baue wauted btoke
a listoy udeliol., $ Hutaypas
a unisehsity Caube urofcaide
Has uole gluerally seducatuie
Laau da : Sngelich sblisaliise
Shriy little emeslation ib : knos
M atidjiuy Euplil, thal litaresy
caticiin
heus guuebally
takeu the - umi bath
Hotol two ceutasies. Yo wudy
thes Suplisd Aoets ald tûe
litieday deonies id veay
pleaset aud ullplilly Douantor
Suk u ul selatively
urglul. Yos this
Hehot aud many stheds,
sibrri
MINNTT ia


hase alandoed Euglicl Ye,
Hauk i vesy plesas ase yal
saede Labe uauy hietay selsle,
lak breh
Caulidge ak
Caniituas, ospel 4y slia lQ have
adliot,
Plense Jall ue
Whak ym feel M. the subjuk,
jaud give lie any aduice you
LO luk Yoel cinlinedt bestas
Juoue uayatfiel
Buck Idawe lak seoue tliiug
Vehy valuable. dorh You aiad
Lase whak oue eall
uulerialiuz't ah seteukgant
lud ule Sroth taud Lias
pafaundly upfales amoug
uiddles Bu letudenl sthé
untadialiilie eaceftiin of
Aistoy is
tle etlies seseniny
Qtind Vainly 6r cauruce
fae Jenule "atuderts thak


artitii he
uego aud the Sidaals f
Juhich thcy atalked do alundadly
lendtheis Jm iu
gpita
Loueaete Sliy Ar
hakuluily adat hew akta
lideale aud aulw coreeftio 2
itde
wese the caueet
tle hpe alandanaknf
lanesy Maese sactos wese
ban setanti detouncstalgcave
fuk in dde lauk auslyeis this
letatemenk a untaue.
llu i sayodnuthi urg. a sliaus (
shade dilaffessel
Yy paaedal
attitude L haodes cud une
Beal luk wethed steuforaily /
louly Ado ud kums u dat
idaihen ouk the foel and the
lastik So seustiontale dhede
eto luk R find mpuell
dutrying shem delibcantily


Pru lno Aquinly to eeflais
liua lettes nuf Baly fispe-thal
he uo Lontlorks may ui tiuet be
Acemciled
Mlaseu huch bs talk alaik,
nl tlis deltas uuck ud lre
too
y wrel thak
Reald santoels diicused
aud
-iu yae
akta 9 dp hiy fous Vosbest,
lat
life i u tr hasd
lr de
9 kunw
raud
enfatoe
etral ikid ut intolesally hasd.
Buruk vedy uuch.todo
Honchingfos ym; whats cau
preibly La
huut Itell ue
Suhall stas the kite,asf
aid
kuas
a vely lrave
bobeo, ihaste aud "cbat
bevefaued Sanpnpie


pesiols withonk shuddesiig 9
Ruas alis thak You de ud feel
Artteouers apaiudt the Sugl lich
N itesuing
ta U kuas
Lau lone tbié Ealiid
hekus
Sntt Qupe tlat tilleg
defeated sdom aud deeicively
tA she affirus 4yns 2 Hole
nd -
mine,
Yron yas frend,
Tausdiee
Ps. Vly fabeut aeud etlrers
sincos dik Aoga ads
Ylele Ulo
hlwto yu and Qubdey they
lase pses Lumably wtill phideaistin
liu Sudia,


Tilmore Garth,
Tilmore Road,
Petersfield,
HANTS.
22 December 1940.
My dear Norbert,
It is so long since I heard from you
last. I fear that my letter was too long to pass
the censorship department.. There is little for me
to say. 1 can only wish that you were still moving
among the people whom you love and respect; it is at
least encouraging to hear that conditions are by no
means uncomfortable where you are. I know that your
spirit and stimulating enthusiasm will not disappear;
I hppe that the stoutness you have shown in periods of
misfortune will be rewarded- and by the people in
whom you have put your trust.
I have not long returned from Cambridge after my
first attempt at 8. scholarship. The papers were
difficult (history, ofcourse) and not entirely to my
taste. The Tutor has written me an encouraging letter
explaining thak why 1 did not obtain anything; he
pointed out tha t my papers were sometimes overladen
with fact-- an obvious result of a term of cramming.
But on the whole he was impressed. I shall have
another attempt quite soon. History is an intrtguing


subject and quite invaluable in an attempt to'gauge the
significance of contemporary struggles.
But I will
not talk of the comfort which new knowledge, a deeper
insight, and a sharpened critical faculty gives. It
has all been said before.
Is there no chance of your being released? Surely
you are in the academic ca tegory eligible for release?
But we English, as you have probably found out to your
expense, are perhaps slow to arrive at decisions. We
can only wait. Public opinion seems to have calmed
on the internment question and fewer questions are asked.
I think it has been claimed that aliens of academic
distinction have already been released from internment.
At least it does not seem to be true in your case.
But the attitude of the government on the question is
favourable and on that we must base our hppe,
Goodbye my friend,
1 remain yours ever,
Marsice
From- Maurice Rowdon,
Tilmore Garth,
Tilmore Koad,
Petersfield,
HANTS.


7 Union Rd.
Cambridge
23.0f december 1940
My dear Vaurice,
it is a long time since you have heard from
me last and I have not even thanked you yet for the pipe and
for your long letter which gave me, in fact, very great pleasure
as your letters always do.Fut while I was interned I was allowed
only two letters a week, each of 24 lines and I used the p of EB
course, mainly to prepare and to speed up my release. then I
was released, at the 31st october, I had, at first, all my hands
full with trying to get some work and some money. Now I have
succeeded, at least temporarily,and I wont to send you at least
&. Christmas -letter.
I have come out of the camp quite unperturbed
ahd , if anything, healthier than be fore.ror almost the only
recreation we had was sea- bathing, and of that I made use al-
most to the last day.Prison life - for that 1s what it was, more
or less, -was, in a. way ,E very interesting experiencs, thouch
five arid a half months of it were a little bit to much, and it
would have been almost intolerable had it lasted much longer.In
fact, those poor people who are still interned are ketting more
and more despondent, for it is a life without use and withopt
hope.The most unhappy people are , of course those who have bean
dep ported to Australia or,18heA31k, to Canada and the letters we
get from there are everything but gay.The release of Asik has
now been ordered ae the College wonts to have him back for his
Job as lecturer, but there are at the moment no shipping facili-
ties and the journey back is, of course 9 rather risky.It is all
one great muddle.
>tories from the camp : I could tell you for many dys.
People who , for the, greatepx part had not known each other be-
fore and who, had/ they known each other, would have hardly
choosen each otheret compary for lonzer then ten minutes or
half an hour were compelled to live torether, sometimes under
very trying cirsumetances.: dike shipuren cked neople on a deserted
isl.nd they had to buil up, often with vry elementary mear


a community of their own;we had in fect to choose leaders for
each hut or tent or house or wh tever it was, and, of course,
for the whole camp, cooks, to do the cooking, a man, capable of
running a canteen, if we were allowed one ( all money was taken
away for a while )eto. ett.we were so to say a primitive
community in the making. You could observe how a BOXXXXXXEX
bureaucracy was growing up and 9 sometimes, a higher caste, how
a man came to be a"leader # s in which way people adapted
themselves to new and much more primitive circumetances or, for
tat matter, were unable to do so etc. In a way this camp was
a great social laboratory and, for a limited time, not without
interest for a sociologist.But I am, of course, extreme ly glad
that, so far as I am concerned, the experiment has come to an
end, though I can not help feeling constantly with those others
whom I have left behind.
And now, my dear friend, after so much talk on my
own past experiences, I should like to tell you that I wish
very much to learn how you are. Tell me about the school, about
your exam , the scholarship and the bomba in London. Have you
any news from Johh and from Aubrey ? Please give my best
regards to your parents. I hope they are well ?
With all my best wishes
Yours,ever.
One of the - few books I had with me in the camp was a book
you gave me once, Hazlitts Tabletalk. I enjoxyed it very much.
Whenever I was in need of a stamulating thought I opened it
I just like other people the Bibel ) and it never let me down
though there are, of course, many - points in whi ch I do not agree
with him. I remember that on our arrival at Huyton Camp we had
to wait a whole day in a big tent till our luggage wae searche d
and our money, kni fes,watches, manuscripts and other dangerous
things were taken: avgy.We were all rather hungry as we had
not had much food and we had to stand or to sit on our luggage
all the time as the ground was rather wet and muddy.I found
myself standing next to a Viennese art historien. 30 I took
ry Hazlitt. e startet reerino his RGEAV : en :3 Tandacane r


A9, Waldoon Rend,
Easifisli,
agfiafho
Dy diag lethest,
H i dyfrill Yo me
efoeu my,toy al
lithed, and alone all to mney sau
fou abe taee and teallhy
ago
9 inle So
onys
slre 4Y 0 Kau lamp.
Uo tinid
you
wnel in due erudie
beceive Shal
dittie
9 kusw has paofnudly
luek
mucl- - duesued due kuns tril
Jos dyfuted oue uual tecome iu ORu
utednu - - awl caup whese one enuballid .o
live urth total
iu ald Snk
slargun 4e
1. ain
wude
lushert
AOE
thald yais yfiril tatr senthuinim have
uuffebed udtuing.
aure - uefiai
perauey das Heer
tosden
auply
friend
auet V lspa ym live Jr iee


a Wske vllled wpald,
A au uod
Qu Hliniek thal HRNLAL
fo You ae du Caulridge ?
&o. was 9
slibee werks
Peshape
ulese
Ahese
afr
ton
haat time alio
wele A uhale kick uyull Altery
tos. uor viitig
addsess ak
duion Road whiicle aoun tunie a
day
week.
Yes, - udakiig
selrlesclit av Peleshmue
Ulony -
haar desu was fos ue
a Ladd and
upeaking wad
guesally
shese
wau Slittle iu life Pule
wrsh f which Adid
too
harhafe
uuch,
On uhhe Wasla 8
yoyed stlle
eeanuialim Wrich S wa told - On all
Sider do segasd -CL
seefesinenl
uri lad. to lrelieve ly thie almaphos
L the
sidtesoreind Cly ulhicle oue eau
guctally
etie sufseuin d one
had made) tnst of wt stord a govel


ehauce.
When A had detubuad Ym
Pataufils
S deeciired 0 Jesenal littie
Iron etde
tulos
Eu ictry soeflainin
I hy
9 was. uar trarts
awasd. the
eeflained shak liad Come vely
heas' to
au awudd aud thal dhe
callige wmild very nuch like tr shave
lue, whonlo - 9 lie able 6 Soue witlead
au. awasd.
He uaid. tlal uy
wese. Sathes
aud
tapere
sleant -
oesladen
with
au olviou
peeull as 9 - Jle
tro uuch
Jusi
cramming uinnediatily
alie
eeauination.
Wor
AYCRNE
lrecauee was awaoded upting I lulr
ecauee 9 was wo ancims ttor coue uf
utr Canlsidge Liu Tamaly ound J6
shaka ahe uflescnut duel of Euamuel
delesol
uy tind
Wf auever,
ethak *
shas
lak
stele
Stns
Ouay
sdning sle secaminatin
wal an imnluable


eefahiene and well untl uthe tonlle
ehalo doy apain vesy some alllinge
hi entimal sesamble U satlies
uufleacaut.
LU C econtoging qt Hasl,
Nsueses
sthak Ruaal la a - L ueas
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VA - DELLE ALPI APUANG 15
drt 0
MONTE SACRO,
ROMA ITAKY
moY
My ideer Norberl,
I - Lave yms Elnitka
wes vey, Letly
lo Lee
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VIA GIULIA102
ROME
My chcos Nuber,
Var
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Tan eue
amuce


Via Giulia 102,
Rome, Italy.
July leth.
dy dear Norbert,
I'm very glaa you don't Teel too nalo wout the fate of
your book in Frnkfurt. I met Frenzel and his wife up in Forte
ieilermi a month or so ago, and he is certainiy a very nice,
cleen-sermine, cO necientious sort of berson. I had no idea he
knew your book and he broached the subject, saying how deeply
taken he was by it; that he thought to make it successful in
Germany you needed to make some changes, and when XEXXX I said
perhaps it was rather disagreeable to change a book one had written
so long ago he said it wouldn't involve much work for you, I
didn't quite understand this, I thought him to say (he has little
English) that they would suggest the cuts and so on. He also
said he felt you were unwilling to have the book go out in a
revised form and this he understood very well, and thought that
if he belonged to a scientific house he wouldn't sugeest it. I
didn't ask him how it had taken over eighteen months to arrive
at this profound decision because I have learned now what
told me some years ago that publishers' artistic temperaments aubrey
have to be respected. I believe your book went all. over
however, and they had some brilliant opinions of it. Perhaps Europe, you
are right not to give it to them. annette's mother is here:
told me the first day how disappointed they were that you dian't and
seem to want changes, because she thought it had chances of
a great success in Germany in a revised form. I just tell being
these things so that you will make the wisest decision, and you not
a too sudden one. I really think the delay has been due
their
not wanting to let the book 80 until someone had sugeested to the
right way to revise it, and Frenzel who is new to the firm
the head of the Fischerbucherti Lexicon---a marvellous
(actually
going into dozens of volumes, we will have the first sent product, to
was the one to apply himself to it thoroughly. At any
seem to have excited a profound respect among them, which rate you
usually what a publisher' S silence means. But it
a isn't
Norbert, and they haven't a system for that kind of is book. long book,
You said some interesting things some time ago about
When I was in Berlin this March I took the little
Ann Frank.
of mine to se€ it at the Schlosspark Teater and daughter ofa friend
her giggling to herself every now and again, then was she surprised would to see
my arm and whisper 'Um Gott! Um Gott!' but only when Ann Frank clutch was
imitating the greedy man behind his back or
trick. And at the end when I asked her
getting up to daring
with great surprise. For the fact
was she sad she said 'Nein!'
with the war and the concentration is unless you go into the theatre
piecemeal thing. This little
camps in your mind it is only a
police were storaing
the
girl asked me in a whisper when the
And the ruins of
stairs at the end 'Is this the
Berlin mean nothing for her, even her own invasion?'
ruins.


TSHE
Her mother has often told her why they are there, but she doesn't
attach any importance to them. I was talking to my play translator
in Germany about Ann Frank, which he translated for the theatre,
and he said how sorry he had been that the play hadn't come from
Germany, or at least Europe, with a real cry of pain.in it, instead
of being a piece of 'Broadway clockwork'. I must say the silence
of the audiences in Frankfurt and Berlin after the play was strange
witha dreadful heavy sense of regret. I was in the lavatory at
the Fischers house one morning and looked out of the window to see
ann Frabk's father arrive downstairs in a taxi, I don't know how I
felt immediately it was him, but I did, and I was right; then I heard
other cars draw up, the senior editor, the head rof.the theatre a8
department, and others, and I thought how extraordinary all this is,
the to-do, the important goings and comings, the contracts, the vast
sums of money (so much that Annette's father has started w-scholarship
for Israeli's), because. of little girl whom most of them would be
too busy to-give more than a passing clance to, if she were alive today -
So a human creature is still enough.. -
I have now heard from Frederic and I. hope he will be c.oming here
in the next. few weeks.
It is a very long time since I heard from
hin and I have missed his brilliant and penetrating mind. He has
periods of absence and silence, and Ihave to bear with him.
That
is the least a frigod.should be able to ask of one, after all.
annette is very rell'land-bent.her very best wishes and hopes you
might be able tocome to Rone some time this 'summer. Byt'in any case
we. shall both be coming'to Lohdon., Yes, Norbert, I've been away
longi ebdugh. It is funny but after"so long: one's heart, begins to.
feel starved, nothing shows-your image or refelation. Everything'
establishes your separateness and therefore your -loneliness, up and
down the wholje (consciousness. I haven't really laughed for SO1 long.
But an old sbhool friend of mine, an intimate friend at the time-we
were evacuated to Hampshite, has just joined the Rome Embassy, and
whrn we were with him the other night at Ostia Antica for a performance
of Aristophanes I did laugh, and it struck kheax me then, how teerrible
an exile is. But I had to do it. I had to make a new life, absolte-
ly, and the unspeakable pain of doing that, quite alone in a foreign
city, is over long ago, and now there is simply a sadness, and a
certain sensibility of the nerves. Of course it is not like
exchanging one country for another in the north of Europe. Latin
and catholic people, especially Italians, and especially Romans, are
cuite diifferent, sonetimes I have to remind nyseld that we spring
from the same Christian civilisation. But then my Sicilian friend
feels very much as I do---it is a long story. also I know now that
I needed so long away to be clear, it is good to be clear about the
world one belongs to, and to know it by absence for the first time.
Awriter must do that.
He ust n't be afraid of going right out.
It would be most interesting "to talk to you all about this, and you
must know it all intimately yourself. (I hope you don't imagine us
living in a Forte dei. Marmi isolation all the year round! that was
quite unique---a great many people pass through Rome, and there are
new friends every year, but that isn't what you mean, I know).
For the first time in my life I know what repose means, of the
mind, because of annette, and I can get into a long book for the
first time and go to it every day, and that is very wonderful for me,
Norbert.
I espect' you will be very busy this year with the absence of
colleague, and I am hoping against hope that this will mean a
your
Professorship for you. That would make me. very proud, and
could say that you had missed any of the terrible
nobody
trials to achieve tt.


We shall be here at least until the early autumn and I
shall keep you posted otherwise.
All the best to you,
luuce
thel tiuk
carplly -
de weko Ci wontia LV ailt
alnt te mk. Bni Py
hiis-linit
Hov V stapulakes G defiute
Len ies
the
eulrau
He Cesy Hoor
hglish chich
t publiuntn
Amanicar cue Cuta gfan,
ude the
Hink
lub - fischen
so plainly.
dresiv pal Hheis relyjalisn He uanual 7
the
almt
chaye) it
Ym culn feal saf unth
Frengei in
lnotar posntlen


SLRUMBLICEBANUELA AMAIN WLKENSIFTAERSTESSAL
BAA (
Dear Norbert,
Just a quick note before lunch to answer yours. The
acdress you want is
Prof Dr Max Horkheimer
Institut fur soziulforsohung,
Senckenberganlage 26,
Frankfurt/Main.
His private address is Westenstrasse 79.
The Fischers are coning back on March 20th and I shall
enquire about your book again. They are quite likely to Say
But WE toox it lone ago, didn't he know?' Then you finish
your Essay on Laughter could you let ne know. I want to
interest Heinean, who have E lot of subsidiary firms (becker
and Marburg is one, forexample) one of which nicht Vant it.
If it isn't too scientific they might want it theuselves.
How much did I tell you about ay play? The translation Was
so bad that it had to be sent to a new person, Schnoor, who
is Christopher Fry's translator.
Inge ieisel wants to play
it first, at the Thalier Theater in Hamburg. I don't know when
1 shall be coming to London for the divorce. It looks as
though I shall be going back to Ho.ne before I'a called. But
i inasine it will be some time this byring. Yes, thank you
very much for The Lost Steps, which I brought here with me.
1 haven't started it yet, in fact round my chair there's a ereat
pile of books. I may EO to Berlin next week. Let ine know
by express letter if I Can do anything for you there. annette
is very well. Her blood pressure is aluost noraal, which is
astonishing, and she is going to Berohtesgarten next week for
the annual check-up. The ilan who cured her iss Hitler's personal
doctor! or the one who looked after the dist-side, at least.
Two Hungarian boys were here to dinner lest nitht, having escaped
Irom budapest, have a livxing horror of anythine Kussian, the
very sound of the Language SEEus to dean ugliness and darkness
for them. Very nice, - gaEBRRAX grateful, goodlooking. The
Hungarians are such Eoodlooking people. We went to a very good
performance of ariadne auf Naxos last night at the Opera. The
operas here haven't been 9008 this season, perhaps it's becuuse
I ve only seen Verdi, who is awful in German, it has to have the
Italian language. Have you seen Notebook of anne Frank in
London? Is it still ruaning?
I'd very nuch like to hear about
the perforaance.
all the best from
Aruette',
Gisela,
tell Lee
Snytor, did
Vamce
rlat
Jiot lasv
Yus
week à
She Hafu
Telephon 52776 und 51504 Bank Berliner Handels-GesellschaftAG, Frankfurt a. M. Postscheck Frankfurt a. M. 110398. Telegramm-Adresse Buchfischer


thu
had Hol
LLe
souene else u
feuly
Hinki
Ahe catr > .
wery body
Uhae: - alway
to w.
Wheu it
hai
see
A pero
Her
degagell
drisig L l mad
inl
i 1 I I -


BONERNOBERMANR-PISCHER
Fecbenteesane 24,
Ve laved to Loey
Faulft au Mai.
A deys
aud Lebpenel
day Lam uncle we wanted
to I
l Cale. hanl, eu
fis day befpe
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Spske tais Heliy
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ulul
frut
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very
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eale
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ase
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Muarnee


Via delle Alpi Apuane 15,
Monte Sacro,
Rome, Italy.
November 10th
Str
My dear Norbert,
note
Just little
to say how very happy I am with the
books you sent me. As you certainly" are I'm up to my eyés
in work---I've only. managed to read the Lorenz book so far,
or rather I've dipped into.some parts and Annette has: dippea
into others, and then we téll each other whatwe: know. It
1s full of thed most. wondeful things; and wewant tore get.
the one: he wrote about dogs nows I supposerhe was. some
kind of. Zoo: worker inf Viennasr Ouri friends who-see it get
fascinat.ed too: 1f. they havé anything - sympathetic-in them
at all. Let me know pleaseat once If pssible what. happened
with PROZES DER CIVILZATION in Germany. Have you had a reply?
Did you never go and see the Fischers in. Frankfurt.? It would
have neen very useful, though!these publishers see so many people:
it,d doeen't-mean-nuch" to them,a's books come not to-mean: very
K much. for. thema So: perhaps,ont second thoughts it- wa's better.
Annette's mother said théy hoped to be able tor publish the
book, but- that means nothing. Letrme know anywayen I've had
some quite decent reviews from Germany, the best from Radio
Bremen, which compared me to Juenger, not in: philosophical
depth but 'suspense' and the creation of atmosphere. But in
English Juenger. seems very stilted, I wonder if he is n Germany
tooo: Thank you again for letting me have the books, that will
be very nice reading.-for winter---I feel:I shan't like Angus
Wilson, though I haven't. yet read asingle word by him, apart
from rather foolish reviews, but përhaps it was the books he
was talking about that were foolish. I. was.very happy torsee
you in Ronchi, and will get in touch with you if I-come-to d
England. I'shall have to appear for the divorce Tairly-soon:
I don't want to talk about Suez! I think it burned every;
nerverc out of my body---I feel very very tired afterit! , Eden
must have gone through the uttermost: abyss of agony: No, r'll
stop, otherwisewe shall be: talking-about it all dayo
Let me hear about the book.,
yot


WITH THE COMPLIMENTS
CHATTO E WINDUS LTD
HAROLD RAYMOND I. M. PARSONS NORAH SMALLWOOD
PIERS RAYMOND LEONARD WOOLF
Telephone : Temple Bar 0127 (3 lines)
Telegraphic Address 'Bookstore, London'
40-42 WILLIAM IV STREET
LONDON
1 OF SINS AND WINTER
1 HELLEBORE THE CLOWN
Sent at the request of Mr Rowdon


Neseudo Mus,
bychford, lscex.
Jeax Wosben,
ha A
liue
(s day
4 ur
pocus
cend
thae Ae
larpe amied
tre Italy
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senis
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Vala
(Idaty
RONCHI,
Mana
Rpuania,
llaly
Jey
My deas Nlatest
V wan very hice heasng
hishes
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Yu Lee,
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hudl
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Ameiren
gréud
uaine
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SoLo
( Stanfrd WHITMORE
publohed
4 Grlhny)
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bylaid: Le
Hais
ihau ue
WLere te tthu vill
Le f
L t
Cre
Shen
Cou
Hteeg
Ka trcus
wlich
had
tanslala
for
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Len
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der lonn
and
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ta eudl J
thiguar.
Ke besr
fhon Maruice)
usthe
trvk.
working


Villa Ida,
Ronchi,
Massa Apuania,
Italy.
August 23rd 1956.
Dear Norbert,
Thank you for the letter. If an American
social psychologist called Herb contacts you in
Ameterdam could you ask him to give you the words
of a little poem he recited to me (from Aiken??)
on the terrace of thus Villa one morning---he was
talking about the ills of America. I thought it
summed up things so well.
I'm sure Hirsch didn't know that sort of letter
had gone to you. I think he has a man_secretary.
now, and he"s robably a fool. I haven't mentionea
it, since it wouldn't help anybody, least of all you.
But Hirsch would never have atta ched any importance
to the use of Doctor. That's quite certain.
If you areilooming to Genoa then we can certainly
meet. This place is about five hours by car from
there. We might meet half wayo Anyway, tell me
when you are coning into Italy. It woula be loyely
to see you againo Venice will be hideous in August.
I hope you are booked up ahead there. The weather
here has beei hot, with- no rain for nearly a month.
But there was sone yesterday, and today is stormy.
Why don't you visit Florence, have a little stay in
Tuscany, that isthe most worthwhile of all, really
lovelyo A jourtey cright across Italy to Venice
when there will pe mostitotrists seems wrong.
How stupid offme--- I've read"your. letter again
and see you may pe coming to La Spezia (youngaye
Specia, do you mean La Spezia?), which 1s just
nearby here, only an hour or two runi That would
be fine. Of course there'll be sun.
When will yourbe in Frnkfurt? Bermann Fischer
and his wife are.,here now but will be back there
about 5th of September.. If you are there at the
same time you must meet them. I'll tell them to
expect you anyway. They've heard about you.. Their
address 1s Falkensteinerstrasse 24." You could.
phone up. Just to'ask 1f. they. are there anyway:
There's no point"in your. méetingranyorie else/ihrtheut,
Verlag. But'I want you to meet theme Couldn't
try to beInfrankf furt
thenjor"Tater nt 18 month?


I think it will mean a lot if you can talk to
them personally.
I shall be here tillthe end of September. Hoping
your conference goes well.
All the best,


-F EE
direcapito,
lae.
SEGRAMMA
licevuta dovuto al Rimessoal
a' stampa fattorino fattorino alle ore
quando: el inçaricate rcapito, # latore rimette
MoD. 30
MODULARIOA *
una riscossione.
Telegr. - 61
A C
F FO
EDOTTORE
INDICAZIONI D'URGENZA, vuto il *
NORBERT
ELIAS
MONTE
PENS IONE
CT tp.
GRAPPA
1 E Pel circuito N
Qualifica DESTINALONE
VIASBASILIA
PROYENIENZA
NTAZIONE
ROMA:
Ginrn
minuti
6043 ROMA DA MASSA 48500 19 10 2220
esidstattuns
sar ci
int..apeutd.
=COME VLAREGGIO WILL DRIVE YOU SPEZIA TELEGRAPH TRAIN =MAUR ICE
a a2
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FR4N
Boma, 1956 "Eiutato Poligratco dello Stato, P.V


0E sot?
AVVER TENZA IMPORTANTISSIMA)
: ia
Neirtelegrammi diretti a destinatari
abbonatiçal telefono, irvecerdeilindist
rizzolstradale, si pud adoperare Tindi-
cazione (tassata per I parola): TF.
(n. abbonato) seguita dal cognome.oda
Valtra désignazione socialer dell'abbonato. ES:TF 912468.
Gastaldi- Roma; TF 864319, N Fabrital Milano.
I telegrammi in arrivo con l'indicazione TF. (n.ab-
-boianolscurrontisini.od urgenti. vengono. subito.telefonatil.
all'abbonato e recapitati come. ordinari per fattorino:
Sei telegrammi sono ordinari, vengono ugualmente subito
telefonati all'abbonato, ma it recapito e fatto a mezzo posta.
Possono. essere recapitati per. fattorino a richiesta del
destinatario e verso pagainento. della tassa di espresso,
postale (L. 50).
L'Amministrazione non, assame" alcuna responsabilità civiley 1 *
in conseguenza det: servizio" telegrofico.
TF - Da telefonarsi al domi-
FS - Far, proseguire. :
cilio del destinaty
GP Da tenere a disposi-
TR = Da. zione* teneré del- destinatario an dispi
zione del. destinatario
pressol l'uff. telégrafico.
pressolUmcio postale.
yrifcipali indicazioni che
RP: X is Telegramma con ri-
MP, Da consegnarsi nelle
6 figurano prima dell'indirizzo
spostapagatagrappre sental'ammontare del-
mani del destinatario.
la tassa: pagatain, lire
italiane, o franchi oro.
TC: Telegr. collazionato:
XP D Telegramma con tassa
di espresso pagâta" dal
PC Telegr. avviso tele-
grafico scon ricevimento.
ud sufittentes


GRAMMA
TELE
fattorino alle ore
Rimessoalf
N. dffecapito.
#1 1: TTA
ALBERGO
MoD. 30 (Ediz. 1955)
MODULARIO
EL LAS
Telegr. 61
NORBERT
INDICAZIONI
LEVANTO Eeite al têmpo medio
D'URGENZA Ricevuto il
DVITALIA
STELLA
T romani, il primo rimerg
presenta quello cel telegramma,
tri la data e l'orae eiminuti detla
Pel circuito N. :
Qualifica DESTINAZIONE
TAI DELLA PRESENTAZIONE Vp
eveattr
liorno e mese Ore e minuti
MASSA
TOo DIF ICCULT TWO CHILDREN REGRET DEAR
NORBERT STOP" PHONE
F ESCHERS FRANKFURT 58121 = MAURICE ty +
Izrafco dello Stato. P.V.


AVVERTENZA, IMPORTANTISSIMA
Nei telegrammi diretti a destinatari
abbonati al telefono, invece dell'indi-
rizzo stradale, si puo adoperare l'indi-
cazione (tassata per I parola): TF..
(n: abbonato) seguita dal cognome o da
altra. designazione sociale, dell'abbonato. Es. TF 912468 I
Gastaldi Roma; TF 864319 il Fabrital Milano:
I telegrammi in' arrivo con l'indicazione: TF.. (n. ab-
bonato) se urgentissimi od urgenti vengono subito telefonati
all'abbonato e.recapitati come ordinari per fattorino.
Se 1 telegrammi sono ordinari, vengono ugualmente subito
telefonati all'abbonato, ma il recapito è fatto a mezzo posta.
Possono essere recapitati per fattorino a richiesta del
1 %ii
A destinatario e verso pagamento. della tassa di espresso
SPE
postale (L. 50).
L'Amministrazione non asstime alcuna responsabilità civile
in' conseguenre des Servizto ielegrufico.
FS Far proseguire.
TF Da telefonarsi al domi-
cilio dél destinatario.
GP - Da tenere a disposi-
TR Da: tenere a dis,
zione del destinatario
zione 'del destinata.
pressol'Ufficiop postale.
presso l'uff. telegrafico.r
Significato delle principali indicazioni che
RP. x Telegramma con ri-
- mani Da consegnarsi del destinatario. nelle
eventualmente figurano prima dell'indirizzo
sposta pagata.xi rappre-
sental l'ammontare del-
la tassa" pagata in. lire
TC = Telegr. collazionato.
italiane; o franchi oro.
XP a Telegramma con tassa:
pc a Telegr.cona avviso tela-
di espresso pagata: dal-
Tento
mittente,* at.
segre


GIULIA 102,
myt.
Rou, Ialy.
Tunelw 1957.
my dear Narll,
ia very smy hsv Ic have uiiltcu k
lut
been
and
befrs
we'se
chaugine fesk
lut
horc 2 ken
euilding
4 how
SY nly tav
ait 1 a
ow ( 6
Cntuan 1 kirlen)
venl
clean anel
thidad,
Nw erertunn
f W
ux unild le alotutely cafitalle
al w< haue Lo far
Lad
sonl
paitn
kildsu
bed
aud
few chain, -fur fan
lwe at
necestin.
-euneg
we shalc
util
the end 1 tre
Wheu
Somne
uore
Haue qn
stallt
Raly
tuy
Ink
Ciscls
heard alub
Vortag?
qun
wrote tre
wottn
i thv
shast
Aiette
almt
a umt ul-,
letter A the
mlject
6 week, and:
luondes
Shatte
N perfr


I tur
har
lnfbenid d-yel. : V limaly
buatte '
nenv
caszienti
aluit
puce
leste
ties
atade Les
uo dalsl,
lub
horice,
uovels
hel kal abus 4
poives beiug
thar ti
kind
1 Huig happeur
hov
Nwbes,
wwk
1 Laue tie Lale, mly
nly
Ymi
sice ali u cotiact
ey kuch
worse,
Cad and
d actins
cou Ce
ttue
ax actins,
the
Uuite
(eke
uddled
catasepli
whule sleue
ases
hey
blay)
sikuke
Tlaec i
lew
tealing,
aly
I'ue tald
Hireek
Mick
Lons
ete
Oro C uust
beliiud
the
uuflessent Aclays
Aan
kind
Urste
sau
Hempy
mlittered
(aud tifhtined)
I 3
the
alut ul HE -
Gecanse
Vcuy >oy
tee Cosk
Is: Hzee
a KRed Yur
Laun
fena
won
recy
Shall lee uilais
pain
wheu
sha te cheosin
stit duit
kuw
the dua Les
Whar upe 1
hepl auo
tue fout)
mile
- ti


59, St Peters Rd
Leicester
23rd October 1959
My dear Maurice,
work ha 8 - swallowed me: upsas: soon as Ii returned
to, this country. And 80,- to my regret I wa 8 unable to keep my promise
7 and to write'to 'you ati once
I' am sure Annetteand you know how much I enjoyed
seeing you ande spending so. much time with you a more than you proba-
bly could - afford - , the lovely evenings on your balcony and the
talks. It is nice to know that although ideas may run on somewhat
different lines, that isinot really what matters.
I. had hoped: to copy out some of my
translations for Annette. andi you and perha pe something of my own.
But this would only > delay. matters more. And I want-above alito send
you the address of the:Nature cure specialista which I just got.
Ifi you write to the Secretary, Kingston Clinic, Liberton, Edinburgh 9
asking: whether he could fix for youi an appointment with Mr James
Thomson in London that according to my friend is the right procedure.
If you wish you can say that you got the address from a friend of
Prof. John Rees, 35 Beaufort Avenue, Langland, Swansea 9 Glam.
My friends in London! say Ixskx they will look round
for a firstrate heart Bnecialist, but I have had not reply yet. Con-
sensu of opinion seems to be that the Dr. whose name I gave you seems
lately rather tired and ageing. Moreover he is not a heart
specimnist. N6 evertheless he knows his way about.
This I am writing just while I am coming up, so
to say, for a bit of fresh air and before I am going under again.
I have more students than I had ever before - 120 alone in my
first year course - with classes and essays this 18 a good deal of
work aithough I have of course some help from our juniors.Itherwise
together with my courses for second and third year students it rould
become quite unmanageable. And of course in between I try to do my
own writing. Still to feàl one is doing something worthwhile is quite
exhilarasing o An hour ago one of the young chaps in the first year
course came to me because he could not find his name on the list
for clagses,- there is of course a lot of organising to be done
and all kind of worries Small and great to be taken care of. This
was. one of them. He was taking English and French with Sociology as
his third subjectx this year. I asked him whether he could follow
and how he liked it. And after a bit of humming and hawing he came ou
with it that he found it most intersting. But why Sociology ? I asked
Well, he wanted to become a writer, but he added carefully that wa s
of course not his only reason for taking sociology. So I said there
wa 8 nothing wrong with that and I did not mind in the least bfen if
that were his main reason provided he worked hard. That anparently
encouraged him to say that he had a cousin who was also a writer.But
he only wrote about himself and that was not his line. So I said
tha t this was something everyone had to judge for himself. And he
should tell mea little later wha t he got out of it. Of course,he
wa S very young. But apart fror our oun specialists ve have now neople
who read mathema tics or physics or history and so onr 9 each con-
necting it with hig other studies in one vay or the other. In fact I


fact, I am trying to give them an introduction to the study of
men, a. humanistic course and a scientific course at the same time
ranging from XXXXXX**X
an understaning of present- day increase
of: world population and its. causes (ca8000 : million people at the end
of this century according to a U. Ne: projection ) toa bird's eye
view of
man s * social development: from the old stone age.
Well, you. can see it carries me;" away,- but- 1f one would
not really like wha t one does, where would one be ?
I hope this letter is not - too late to reach you, in Rome -
If you come to England let me know your whereal bouts and if you are
free come here, but. let me know in advance. You will proba bly find
Leicest er a not very: interesting town o It. is a busy, very wealthy,
not too dirtyiand culturally : rather humdrum town. Buti the'people
are nice. And I can: show you: the. University with its view: of the
cemetary "immortalised N. by the entrance passgges ofi Lucky Jim.
There is one point: more.I found. that the Monterlans
which Ihad for you have got: a: bit dusty and tried to get other copies
without success. So I shall you these, - I hope you don't mind.
With : all good. wishes for Annette and you


Neenda Yuno;
W.cAfoat,mes.
Pers Wober,
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henilti,
nlo
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reply.
nnds -
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Hoy iup
mgrtey
all
you
hac
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On He
ben
lnk


January 25th, 1961.
My dear Maurice,
Thank you very much for your letter. I was glad to
hear from you* Yes, Annette has written to me : I was
interested inwhat she said. Did you not get my reply? vory Hero
all is well. I h-ave a lot to da but enjoy doing it. I aid not
go away last summer because $I want to go on with my own
and as far as my teaching time allows it it is making very writing good
progress, In a way I have the féeling that after all the
Hitlerian upheavals and their aftermath I am only now aoming
fully in my own
Better late than never, don(t you think?
I hope your work is going wella
With all good wishes for Annette and you